\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
@setfilename reference-manual.info
@settitle LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@c ls-latex
@ignore
@author Adrian Mariano, Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen
@title LilyPond Regression test
@end ignore


@ifinfo

This is the reference documentation to LilyPond.  It is not a tutorial.
It was written by Han-Wen Nienhuys, Adrian Mariano and Jan Nieuwenhuizen


Copyright 1999 by its authors.
@end ifinfo

@titlepage
@sp 10
@comment The title is printed in a large font.
@center @titlefont{LilyPond Reference manual}
@vskip 20pt
@center @titlefont{Han-Wen Nienhuys, Adrian Mariano, Jan Nieuwenhuizen}

@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1999 by its authors
@end titlepage


@node Top, , Running LilyPond, (dir)
@top
@menu
* LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual::LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@end menu


@node LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual, Overview, , Top
@menu
* Overview::                      Overview
* Top level::                     Top level
* notenames::                     notenames
* Lexical conventions::           Lexical conventions
* notelang::                      notelang
* modes::                         modes
* Types::                         Types
* Music expressions::             Music expressions
* Atomic music expressions::      Atomic music expressions
* atomicmusic::                   atomicmusic
* notedesc::                      notedesc
* barlines::                      barlines
* manualbeam::                    manualbeam
* tremolo::                       tremolo
* Compound music expressions::    Compound music expressions
* compoundmusic::                 compoundmusic
* relative::                      relative
* sec-repeats::                   sec-repeats
* transpose::                     transpose
* Ambiguities::                   Ambiguities
* Notation conversion specifics:: Notation conversion specifics
* autobeam::                      autobeam
* lyricprint::                    lyricprint
* Notation Contexts::             Notation Contexts
* contextselection::              contextselection
* Notation output definitions::   Notation output definitions
* output::                        output
* paper::                         paper
* papervars::                     papervars
* contextdefs::                   contextdefs
* engravers::                     engravers
* Sound output::                  Sound output
* midilist::                      midilist
* Pre-defined Identifiers::       Pre-defined Identifiers
* ident::                         ident
* Running LilyPond::              Running LilyPond
@end menu
@chapter LilyPond 1.2.0 Reference Manual


@node Overview, Top level, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Overview

This document@footnote{This document has been revised for
LilyPond 1.2.} describes the the GNU LilyPond input format, which is
a language for defining music.  We call this language @emph{Music
Definition Language} or @emph{Mudela}, for short.@footnote{If anybody
comes up with a better name, we'd gladly take this.  Gourlay already
uses a ``Musical Description Language,'' ISO standard 10743 defines a
``Standard Music Description Language.''  We're not being original
here.}

@emph{Mudela} is a language that allows you to

@itemize @bullet
  @item  create musical expressions by combining pitches, durations 
  @item  output those musical expressions to various formats
  @item  give those musical expressions and output definitions names, so
       you can enter them in manageable chunks.
@end itemize

@emph{Mudela} aims to define a piece of music completely, both from
typesetting and from a performance point of view.



@node Top level, notenames, Overview, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Top level

@cindex top level

This section describes what you may enter at top level.



@cindex score definition

The output is generated combining a music expression with an output
definition.  A score block has the following syntax:

@quotation

  @code{\score @{}   @code{@}}
@end quotation

 are zero or more output definitions.  If no output
definition is supplied, the default @code{\paper} block will be added.



@cindex header

@cindex header@@@code{\header}

The syntax is

@quotation

  @code{\header} @code{@{}  = ;
                         = ; ... @code{@}}
@end quotation

A header describes the file's contents.  It can also appear in a
@code{\score} block.  Tools like @code{ly2dvi}
@cindex ly2dvi@@@code{ly2dvi}
 can use this
information for generating titles.  Key values that are used by
@code{ly2dvi} are: title, subtitle, composer, opus, poet, instrument,
metre, arranger, piece and tagline.

It is customary to put the @code{\header} at the top of the file.


@node notenames, Lexical conventions, Top level, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Note name tables can be specified using

@quotation

  @code{\notenames}
@cindex notenames@@@code{\notenames}

    @code{@{}  @code{@}}
@end quotation

 is a list of definitions of the form

@quotation

   = 
@end quotation

Chord modifiers can be set analogously, with
@code{\chordmodifiers}
@cindex chordmodifiers@@@code{\chordmodifiers}
.



A @code{\paper} block at top level sets the default paper block.  A
@code{\midi} block at top level works similarly.



LilyPond contains a Scheme interpreter (the GUILE library) for
internal use.  The following commands access the interpreter
directly.

@quotation

  @code{\scm}
@cindex scm@@@code{\scm}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Evaluates the specified Scheme code.  The result is discarded.

@quotation

  @code{\scmfile}
@cindex scmfile@@@code{\scmfile}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Reads Scheme code from the specified file.  The result is discarded.



Identifier assignments may appear at top level.  Semicolons are
forbidden after top level assignments.



@node Lexical conventions, notelang, notenames, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Lexical conventions

@cindex lexical conventions



@cindex comment

@cindex %@@@code{%}


A one line comment is introduced by a `@code{%}' character. 
Block comments are started by `@code{%@{}' and ended by `@code{%@}}'. 
They cannot be nested.



@cindex keyword

Keywords start with a backslash, followed by a number of lower case
alphabetic characters.  These are all the keywords.

@quotation

  @code{\accepts}
  @code{\addlyrics}
  @code{\alternative}
  @code{\bar}
  @code{\breathe}
  @code{\cadenza}
  @code{\chordmodifiers}
  @code{\chords}
  @code{\clef}
  @code{\cm}
  @code{\consists}
  @code{\consistsend}
  @code{\context}
  @code{\duration}
  @code{\font}
  @code{\grace}
  @code{\header}
  @code{\in}
  @code{\key}
  @code{\keysignature}
  @code{\lyrics}
  @code{\mark}
  @code{\midi}
  @code{\mm}
  @code{\musicalpitch}
  @code{\name}
  @code{\notenames}
  @code{\notes}
  @code{\paper}
  @code{\partial}
  @code{\penalty}
  @code{\property}
  @code{\pt}
  @code{\relative}
  @code{\remove}
  @code{\repeat}
  @code{\repetitions}
  @code{\scm}
  @code{\scmfile}
  @code{\score}
  @code{\script}
  @code{\sequential}
  @code{\shape}
  @code{\simultaneous}
  @code{\skip}
  @code{\spanrequest}
  @code{\tempo}
  @code{\textscript}
  @code{\time}
  @code{\times}
  @code{\translator}
  @code{\transpose}
  @code{\type}
@end quotation




@cindex integer

Formed from an optional minus sign followed by digits.  Arithmetic
operations cannot be done with integers, and integers cannot be mixed
with reals.



@cindex real
 

Formed from an optional minus sign and a sequence of digits followed
by a @emph{required} decimal point and an optional exponent such as
@code{-1.2e3}.  Reals can be built up using the usual operations:
`@code{+}
@cindex +@@@code{+}
', `@code{-}
@cindex -@@@code{-}
', `@code{*}
@cindex *@@@code{*}
', and
`@code{/}
@cindex /@@@code{/}
', with parentheses for grouping.

A real constant can be followed by one of the dimension
keywords:
@cindex dimensions
 @code{\mm}
@cindex mm@@@code{\mm}
,
@code{\pt}
@cindex pt@@@code{\pt}
, @code{\in}
@cindex in@@@code{\in}
, or
@code{\cm}
@cindex cm@@@code{\cm}
, for millimeters, points, inches and
centimeters, respectively.  This converts the number to a real that
is the internal representation of dimensions.



@cindex string
 

Begins and ends with the `@code{"}' character.  To include a `@code{"}'
character in a string write `@code{\"}'.  Various other backslash
sequences have special interpretations as in the C language.  A
string that contains no spaces can be written without the quotes. 
See section @xref{modes} for details on unquoted strings; their
interpretation varies depending on the situation.  Strings can be
concatenated with the `@code{+}' operator.



The tokenizer accepts the following commands.  They can appear
anywhere.

@quotation

  @code{\maininput}
@cindex maininput@@@code{\maininput}

@end quotation

This command is used in init files to signal that the user file must
be read. This command cannot be used in a user file.

@quotation

  @code{\include}
@cindex include@@@code{\include}
 
@end quotation

Include .  The argument  may be a quoted string (an
unquoted string will not work here!) or a string identifier.  The full
filename including the @file{.ly} extension must be given,

@quotation

  @code{\version}
@cindex version@@@code{\version}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Specify the version of LilyPond that a file was written for.  The
argument is a version string in quotes, for example @code{"1.2.0"}. 
This is used to detect invalid input, and to aid
@code{convert-mudela}, a tool that automatically upgrades input files.



@cindex other languages

@node notelang, modes, Lexical conventions, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Note name definitions have been provided in various languages. 
Simply include the language specific init file.  For example:
`@code{\include "english.ly"}'.  The available language files and the
names they define are:

@quotation

@example 
                        Note Names               sharp       flat

nederlands.ly  c   d   e   f   g   a   bes b   -is         -es
english.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   bf  b   -s/-sharp   -f/-flat
deutsch.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -is         -es
norsk.ly       c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -iss/-is    -ess/-es
svenska.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -iss        -ess
italiano.ly    do  re  mi  fa  sol la  sid si  -d          -b
catalan.ly     do  re  mi  fa  sol la  sid si  -d/-s       -b 
@end example 

@end quotation

Pitch names can be redefined using the
@code{\notenames}
@cindex notenames@@@code{\notenames}
 command, see
subsection @xref{notenames}.



@cindex lexical modes

@cindex modes

@node modes, Types, notelang, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

To simplify entering notes, lyrics, and chords, @emph{Mudela} has three
special input modes on top of the default mode.  In each mode, words
are identified on the input.  If @code{"word"} is encountered, it is
treated as a string.  If @code{\word} is encountered, it is treated as
a keyword or as an identifier.  The behavior of the modes differs in
two ways: Different modes treat unquoted words differently, and
different modes have different rules for deciding what is a word.

@table @samp
  @item Normal mode.
@cindex mode!normal
 
    At the start of parsing, @emph{Mudela} is in Normal mode.  In Normal
    mode, a word is an alphabetic character followed by alphanumeric
    characters.  If @code{word} is encountered on the input it is
    treated as a string.

  @item Note mode.
@cindex mode!note

    Note mode is introduced by the keyword
    @code{\notes}
@cindex notes@@@code{\notes}
.  In Note mode, words can only
    contain alphabetic characters.  If @code{word} is encountered,
    LilyPond first checks for a notename of @code{word}.  If no
    notename is found, then @code{word} is treated as a string.

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, it is not possible to enter real numbers in this mode.

  @item Chord mode.
@cindex mode!chord

    Chord mode is introduced by the keyword
    @code{\chords}
@cindex chords@@@code{\chords}
.  It is similar to Note mode, but
    words are also looked up in a chord modifier table (containing
    @code{maj}, @code{dim}, etc).

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, you can not enter real numbers in this mode.  Dashes
    and carets are used to indicate chord additions and subtractions,
    so scripts can not be entered in Chord mode.

  @item Lyrics mode. 
@cindex mode!lyric

    Lyrics mode is introduced by the keyword
    @code{\lyrics}
@cindex lyrics@@@code{\lyrics}
.  This mode has rules that make it
    easy to include punctuation and diacritical marks in words.  A
    word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character,
    `@code{_}', `@code{?}', `@code{!}', `@code{:}', `@code{'}', the
    control characters @code{^A} through @code{^F}, @code{^Q} through
    @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^}, any 8-bit character with ASCII code
    over 127, or a two-character combination of a backslash followed
    by one of `@code{`}', `@code{'}', `@code{"}', or
    `@code{^}'.@footnote{The purpose of Lyrics mode is that you can
    enter lyrics in TeX format or a standard encoding without
    needing quotes.  The precise definition of this mode indeed is
    ludicrous.  This will remain so until the authors of LilyPond
    acquire a deeper understanding of character encoding, or someone
    else steps up to fix this.}

    Subsequent characters of a word can be any character that is not
    a digit and not white space.  One important consequence of this
    is that a word can end with `@code{@}}', which may be confusing if
    you thought the closing brace was going to terminate Lyrics
    mode.@footnote{LilyPond will issue a warning, though.}  Any
    `@code{_}' characters which appear in an unquoted word are
    converted to spaces.  This provides a mechanism for introducing
    spaces into words without using quotes.  Quoted words can also be
    used in Lyrics mode to specify words that cannot be written with
    the above rules.  Here are some examples.  Not all of these words
    are printable by TeX.


    @quotation

@example 
Ah!             % a word
2B_||_!2B       % not a word because it starts with a digit
``Hello''       % not a word because it starts with `
_ _ _ _         % 4 words, each one a space 
@end example 

    @end quotation

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, you can not enter real numbers in this mode.
@end table

It is possible to create words that break the rules by prefixing them
with the dollar sign `@code{$}
@cindex $@@@code{$}
'.  Regardless of the context, a
word beginning with `@code{$}' extends until the next white space
character.  Such words can contain numbers (even in Note mode), or
other forbidden characters.  The dollar sign can be used to create
and access identifiers that could not otherwise be used.@footnote{Use
of `@code{$}' hampers readability and portability to future LilyPond
versions, thus the use of the dollar sign is discouraged.}



@node Types, Music expressions, modes, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Types

@cindex types and identifiers

@emph{Mudela} has a limited set of types:

@itemize @bullet
  @item  integers
  @item  reals
  @item  strings
  @item  music expressions
  @item  durations of notes and rests (specified with
       @code{\notenames}
@cindex notenames@@@code{\notenames}
)
  @item  note name tables
  @item  context definitions, part of output definitions.  See
       section @xref{contextdefs} for more information
  @item  output definitions (like @code{\paper}
@cindex paper@@@code{\paper}
 blocks
       and @code{\midi}
@cindex midi@@@code{\midi}
 blocks)
  @item  score definitions (@code{\score}
@cindex score@@@code{\score}
 blocks)
@end itemize

Type is a syntactical property: @emph{Mudela} has no real type system,
so there is no support for generic expressions, functions, or user
defined types.  For the same reason, it is not possible to mix reals
and integers in arithmetic expressions, and ``type
errors''
@cindex type error
 (e.g., using a string identifier to
initialize a @code{\paper}
@cindex paper@@@code{\paper}
 block) will yield a ``parse
error''.

Identifiers allow objects to be assigned to names.  To assign an
identifier, you use `=' and to refer to an
identifier, you preceed its name with a backslash:
`@code{\}'.  Identifier assignments must appear at top level
in the @emph{Mudela} file.  Semicolons are forbidden after assignments
appearing at top level but they are obligatory after assignments
appearing in the @code{\paper} block, see Section @xref{paper}.

 is any of the types listed above.

An identifier can be created with any string for its name, but you
will only be able to refer to identifiers whose names begin with a
letter, being entirely alphanumeric.  It is impossible to refer to an
identifier whose name is the same as the name of a keyword.

The right hand side of an identifier assignment is parsed completely
before the assignment is done, so it is allowed to redefine an
identifier in terms of its old value, e.g.

@quotation

  @code{foo = \foo * 2.0}
@end quotation

When an identifier is referenced, the information it points to is
copied.  Therefore it only makes sense to put identifiers for
translators, output definitions, and @code{\score}
@cindex score@@@code{\score}

blocks as the first item in a block.  For this reason, if you
reference a @code{\foo} variable in a @code{\foo} block, it must be the
first item in the list following @code{\foo}.@footnote{@code{\paper@{\one
\two@}} does not make sense, because the information of @code{\two}
would overwrite the information of @code{\one}, thereby making the
reference to the first identifier useless.}



@node Music expressions, Atomic music expressions, Types, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Music expressions

@cindex music expressions

Music in @emph{Mudela} is entered as a music expression.  Notes, rests,
lyric syllables are music expressions (the atomic
expressions)
@cindex atomic music expressions
, and you can combine
music expressions to form new ones.  This example forms a compound
expressions out of the quarter @code{c} note and a @code{d}
note:

@quotation

  @example 
\sequential @{ c4 d4 @} 
@end example 

@end quotation

The meaning of this compound expression is to play the `@code{c}'
first, and then the `@code{d}' (as opposed to playing them
simultaneously, for instance).

Atomic music expression are discussed in
subsection @xref{atomicmusic}.  Compound music expressions are
discussed in subsection @xref{compoundmusic}.



@node Atomic music expressions, atomicmusic, Music expressions, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Atomic music expressions
@node atomicmusic, notedesc, Atomic music expressions, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual



@cindex pitch

@cindex duration
 

The syntax for pitch specification is

@quotation

  @code{\musicalpitch}
@cindex musicalpitch@@@code{\musicalpitch}

    @code{@{}    @code{@}}
@end quotation

 is specified by an integer, zero for the octave
containing middle C.   is a number from 0 to 7, with 0
corresponding to C and 7 corresponding to B.  The shift is zero for a
natural, negative to add flats, or positive to add sharps.

In Note and Chord mode, pitches may be designated by names.  See
section @xref{notelang} for pitch names in different languages.

The syntax for duration specification is

@quotation

  @code{\duration}
@cindex duration@@@code{\duration}

    @code{@{}   @code{@}}
@end quotation

 is the negative logarithm (base 2) of the duration:
1 is a half note, 2 is a quarter note, 3 is an eighth
note, etc.  The number of dots after the note is given by
.

In Note, Chord, and Lyrics mode, durations may be designated by
numbers and dots.  See Section @xref{notelang} for details.


@node notedesc, barlines, atomicmusic, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@cindex note specification

@cindex pitches

@cindex entering notes

A note specification has the form

@quotation

  [][@code{!}][@code{?}][]
@end quotation

The pitch of the note is specified by the note's name.


The default names are the Dutch note names.  The notes are specified
by the letters `@code{c}' through `@code{b}', where `@code{c}' is an
octave below middle C and the letters span the octave above that C. 
In Dutchcindex(notenames!Dutch), a sharp is formed by adding
`@code{-is}' to the end of a pitch name.  A flat is formed by adding
`@code{-es}'. Double sharps and double flats are obtained by adding
`@code{-isis}' or `@code{-eses}'.  `@code{aes}' and `@code{ees}' are
contracted to `@code{as}' and `@code{es}' in Dutch, but both forms will
be accepted.

LilyPond has predefined sets of notenames for various languages.  See
section @xref{notelang} for details.


The optional octave specification takes the form of a series of
single quote (`@code{'}
@cindex '@@@code{'}
') characters or a series of comma
(`@code{,}
@cindex ,@@@code{,}
') characters.  Each @code{'} raises the pitch by one
octave; each @code{,} lowers the pitch by an octave.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c''
@end mudela

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  cis' dis' eis' fis' gis' ais' bis'
@end mudela

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  ces' des' es' fes' ges' as' bes'
@end mudela

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  cisis' eisis' gisis' aisis' beses'
@end mudela

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  ceses' eses' geses' ases' beses'
@end mudela

Whenever a C-sharp is desired,  you must specify a C-sharp.  LilyPond
will determine what accidentals to typeset depending on the key and
context.  A reminder accidental 
@cindex reminder accidental
 can be
forced by adding an exclamation mark `@code{!}' after the pitch.  A
cautionary accidental, 
@cindex cautionary accidental
 i.e., an
accidental within parentheses can be obtained by adding the question
mark `@code{?}
@cindex ?@@@code{?}
' after the pitch.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  cis' d' e' cis'  c'? d' e' c'!
@end mudela


@cindex duration

Durations are entered as their reciprocal values.  For notes longer
than a whole note, use identifiers.

@quotation

@example 
c'\longa c'\breve  
c'1 c'2 c'4 c'8 c'16 c'32 c'64 c'64 
@end example 

@end quotation

@quotation

@mudela[]
\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    a\longa a\breve  
    a1 a2 a4 a8 a16 a32 a64 a64 
  }
  \paper {
    loose_column_distance = 2.5 * \interline;
    linewidth = -1.0;
    \translator {
      \type "Score_engraver";
      \name "Score";
      \consists "Note_heads_engraver";
      \consists "Stem_engraver";
      \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver";
    }
  }
}
@end mudela
@end quotation

@quotation

@example 
r\longa r\breve  
r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r64 
@end example 

@end quotation

@quotation

@mudela[]
\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    r\longa r\breve  
    r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r64 
  }
  \paper {
    loose_column_distance = 2.5 * \interline;
    linewidth = -1.0;
    \translator {
      \type "Score_engraver";
      \name "Score";
      \consists "Rest_engraver";
      \consists "Stem_engraver";
      \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver";
    }
  }
}
@end mudela
@end quotation

If the duration is omitted then it is set equal to the previous
duration.  If there is no previous duration, a quarter note is
assumed.  The duration can be followed by a dot (`@code{.}
@cindex .@@@code{.}
')
to obtain dotted note lengths.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  a'4. b'4.
@end mudela

You can alter the length of duration by writing
`@code{*}' after it.  This will not affect the
appearance of note heads or rests.


Rests are entered like notes, with note name `@code{r}
@cindex r@@@code{r}
',
or `@code{R}
@cindex R@@@code{R}
'.  There is also a note name `@code{s}
@cindex s@@@code{s}
',
which produces a space of the specified duration. 
`@code{R}' is specifically meant for entering parts: the @code{R} rest
can expand to fill a score with rests, or it can be printed as a
single multimeasure rest.


@cindex lyrics expressions

Syllables are entered like notes, with pitches replaced by text.  For
example, `@code{Twin-4 kle4 twin-4 kle4}' enters four syllables, each
with quarter note duration.  Note that the hyphen has no special
meaning for lyrics, and does not introduce special symbols.  See
section @xref{modes} for a description of what is interpreted as
lyrics.

Spaces can be introduced into a lyric either by using quotes
(`@code{"}') or by using an underscore without quotes: `@code{He_could4
not4}'.  All unquoted underscores are converted to spaces.  Printing
lyrics is discussed in section @xref{lyricprint}.



@cindex properties

@quotation

  @code{\property}
@cindex property@@@code{\property}

    @code{.} @code{=} 
@end quotation

Sets the  property of the context  to
the specified .  All three arguments are strings. 
Depending on the context, it may be necessary to quote the strings or
to leave space on both sides of the dot.



@cindex translator switches

@quotation

  @code{\translator}
@cindex translator@@@code{\translator}

     = 
@end quotation

A music expression indicating that the context which is a direct
child of the a context of type  should be shifted to
a context of type  and the specified name.

Usually this is used to switch staffs in Piano music, e.g.

@quotation

  @code{\translator Staff = top} 
@end quotation



@cindex commands

Commands are music expressions that have no duration.   


@quotation

  @code{\key}
@cindex key@@@code{\key}
   @code{;}
@end quotation

Change the key signature.   should be
@code{\major}
@cindex major@@@code{\major}
 or @code{\minor}
@cindex minor@@@code{\minor}
 to get
-major or -minor, respectively.  The second
argument is optional; the default is major keys.  The 
argument can also be given as an integer, which tells the number of
semitones that should be added to the pitch given in the subsequent
@code{\key}
@cindex key@@@code{\key}
 commands to get the corresponding major key,
e.g., @code{\minor}
@cindex minor@@@code{\minor}
 is defined as 3.  The standard
mode names @code{\ionian}
@cindex ionian@@@code{\ionian}
,
@code{\locrian}
@cindex locrian@@@code{\locrian}
, @code{\aeolian}
@cindex aeolian@@@code{\aeolian}
,
@code{\mixolydian}
@cindex mixolydian@@@code{\mixolydian}
, @code{\lydian}
@cindex lydian@@@code{\lydian}
,
@code{\phrygian}
@cindex phrygian@@@code{\phrygian}
, and @code{\dorian}
@cindex dorian@@@code{\dorian}

are also defined.

@quotation

  @code{\keysignature}
@cindex keysignature@@@code{\keysignature}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Specify an arbitrary key signature.  The pitches from  will
be printed in the key signature in the order that they appear on the
list.

        
@quotation

  @code{\mark}
@cindex mark@@@code{\mark}
  @code{;} @* 
  @code{\mark}  @code{;}
@end quotation

Prints a mark over or under (depending on the
@code{markDirection}
@cindex markDirection@@@code{markDirection}
 property) the staff.  You must add
@code{Mark_engraver}
@cindex Mark_engraver@@@code{Mark_engraver}
 to either the Score or Staff context for
this to work.

@node barlines, manualbeam, notedesc, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@quotation

  @code{\bar}
@cindex bar@@@code{\bar}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

This is a request to print a special bar symbol. It replaces the 
regular bar symbol with a special
symbol.  The argument  is a string which specifies the
kind of bar to print.  Options are @code{":|"}
@cindex "|A@@@code{:|}
,
@code{"|:"}
@cindex "|B@@@code{|:}
, @code{":|:"}
@cindex "|C@@@code{:|:}
,
@code{"||"}
@cindex "|D@@@code{||}
, @code{"|."}
@cindex "|E@@@code{|.}
,
@code{".|"}
@cindex "|F@@@code{.|}
, and @code{".|."}
@cindex "|G@@@code{.|.}
. 
These produce, respectively, a right repeat, a left repeat, a double
repeat, a double bar, a start bar, an end bar, and a thick double
bar.  If  is set to @code{"empty"} then nothing is
printed, but a line break is allowed at that spot.

You are encouraged to use @code{\repeat} for repetitions.
See section @xref{sec-repeats}.

 

@quotation

  @code{\cadenza}
@cindex cadenza@@@code{\cadenza}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Music expression that toggles the automatic generation of bar lines. 
If  is 1, bar line generation is turned off.  If
 is 0, a bar line is immediately printed and 
automatic bar generation is turned on.

@quotation

  @code{\time}
@cindex time@@@code{\time}
 @code{/} @code{;}
@end quotation

Change the time signature.  The default time signature is 4/4. 
The time signature is used to generate bar lines.

@quotation

  @code{\tempo}
@cindex tempo@@@code{\tempo}
  =  @code{;}
@end quotation

Used to specify the tempo.  For example, `@code{\tempo 4 = 76;}'
requests output with 76 quarter notes per minute.

@quotation

  @code{\partial}
@cindex partial@@@code{\partial}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

@cindex anacrusis

@cindex upstep

This creates an incomplete measure (anacrusis, upbeat) at the start of 
the music, e.g., `@code{\partial 8*2;}' creates a starting measure 
lasting two eighth notes.

@quotation

  @code{|}
@cindex |@@@code{|}

@cindex bar check

@end quotation

@cindex shorten measures

@cindex upstep

`@code{|}' is a barcheck.  Whenever a barcheck is encountered during
interpretation, a warning message is issued if it doesn't fall at a
measure boundary.  This can help you finding errors in the input. 
The beginning of the measure will be relocated, so this can also
be used to shorten measures.


@quotation

  @code{\penalty}
@cindex penalty@@@code{\penalty}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Discourage or encourage line breaks.  See identifiers
@code{\break}
@cindex break@@@code{\break}
 and @code{\nobreak}
@cindex nobreak@@@code{\nobreak}
 in
section @xref{ident}.

@quotation

  @code{\clef}
@cindex clef@@@code{\clef}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Music expression that sets the current clef.  The argument is a
string which specifies the name of the clef.  Several clef names are
supported.  If `@code{_8}' or `@code{^8}' is added to the end of a clef
name, then the clef lowered or raised an octave will be generated. 
Here are the supported clef names with middle C shown in each
clef:

@quotation

@mudela[]
\score {
  \notes {
    \cadenza 1;
    %\property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
    \clef subbass;     c'4-"\kern -5mm subbass" 
    \clef bass;        c'4^"\kern -2mm bass"
    \clef baritone;    c'4_"\kern -5mm baritone"
    \clef varbaritone; c'4^"\kern -6mm varbaritone"
    \clef tenor;       c'4_"\kern -3mm tenor"
    \clef "G_8";       c'4^"\kern -2mm G\\_8" 
  }  
  \paper {
    linewidth = 4.5 \in;
  }
}
@end mudela
@end quotation

@quotation

@mudela[]
\score {
  \notes {
    \cadenza 1;
    \clef alto;         c'4_"\kern -2mm alto"
    \clef mezzosoprano; c'4^"\kern -9mm mezzosoprano"
    \clef soprano;      c'4_"\kern -6mm soprano"
    \clef treble;       c'4^"\kern -4mm treble"
    \clef french;       c'4_"\kern -4mm french"
  }
  \paper {
    linewidth = 4.5 \in;
  }
}
@end mudela
@end quotation

The three clef symbols can also be obtained using the names `@code{G}', 
`@code{C}' or `@code{F}', optionally followed by an integer which 
indicates at which note line the clef is located. An as example, the 
@code{mezzosoprano} clef can also be given as `@code{C2}'.

@quotation

  @code{\skip}
@cindex skip@@@code{\skip}
  @code{;}
@end quotation

Skips the amount of time specified by .  If no other
music is played, a gap will be left for the skipped time with no
notes printed.  It works in Note Mode or Lyrics Mode.  In Note mode,
this has the same effect as the space rest `@code{s}'.


@cindex beams

@node manualbeam, tremolo, barlines, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

A beam is specified by surrounding the beamed notes with brackets
`@code{[}
@cindex [@@@code{[}
' and `@code{]}
@cindex ]@@@code{]}
'.  

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  [a'8 a'] [a'16 a' a' a']
@end mudela

Some more elaborate constructions:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  [a'16 <a' c''> c'' <a' c''>]
  \times 2/3 { [e'8 f' g'] }
@end mudela

Beaming can be generated automatically; see section @xref{autobeam}.

To place tremolo marks 
@cindex tremolo beams
 between two notes, begin
with `@code{[:}' and end with `@code{]}'.  Tremolo marks
will appear instead of beams.  Putting more than two notes in such a
construction will produce odd effects.  To create tremolo beams on a
single note, simply attach `@code{:}' to the note itself
(see also section @xref{tremolo}).
  
@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  [:16 e'1 g'] [:8 e'4 f']
@end mudela
  
@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  c'4:32 [:16 c'8 d'8]
@end mudela


@cindex --@@@code{-}@code{-}

@cindex __@@@code{__}

@cindex extender

@cindex hyphen

The syntax for an extender mark is `@code{__}'.  This syntax can only
be used within lyrics mode.  The syntax for a spanning hyphen (i.e.,
a hyphen that will be printed between two lyric syllables) is
`@code{-}@code{-}'.


@cindex ties

A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch.  When used
with chords, it connects all of the note heads whose pitches match.
Ties are indicated using the tilde symbol `@code{~}
@cindex ~@@@code{~}
'.
If you try to tie together chords which have no common pitches, a
warning message will appear and no ties will be created.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  e' ~ e' <c' e' g'> ~ <c' e' g'>
@end mudela



[TODO: explain Requests]


@cindex articulations

@cindex scripts

@cindex ornaments

A variety of symbols can appear above and below notes to indicate
different characteristics of the performance.  These symbols can be
added to a note with `@code{-\}'.  Numerous symbols
are defined in @file{script.ly} and @file{script.scm}.  Symbols can be
forced to appear above or below the note by writing
`@code{^\}' and `@code{_\}'
respectively.  Here is a chart showing symbols above notes, with the
name of the corresponding symbol appearing underneath.

@mudela[]

  \score {
    < \notes {
        c''-\accent      c''-\marcato      c''-\staccatissimo c''-\fermata 
        c''-\stopped     c''-\staccato     c''-\tenuto        c''-\upbow
        c''-\downbow     c''^\lheel        c''-\rheel         c''^\ltoe
        c''-\rtoe        c''-\turn         c''-\open          c''-\flageolet
        c''-\reverseturn c''-\trill        c''-\prall         c''-\mordent
        c''-\prallprall  c''-\prallmordent c''-\upprall       c''-\downprall
        c''-\thumb       c''-\segno        c''-\coda
      }
      \context Lyrics \lyrics {  
        accent__      marcato__      staccatissimo__ fermata
        stopped__     staccato__     tenuto__        upbow
        downbow__     lheel__        rheel__         ltoe
        rtoe__        turn__         open__          flageolet
        reverseturn__ trill__        prall__         mordent
        prallprall__  prallmordent__ uprall__        downprall
        thumb__       segno__        coda
      }
    >
    \paper {
      linewidth = 5.875\in;          
      indent    = 0.0;
    }
  }

@end mudela

In addition, it is possible to place arbitrary strings of text or
TeX above or below notes by using a string instead of an
identifier: `@code{c^"text"}'.  Fingerings 
@cindex fingering
 can be
placed by simply using digits.  All of these note ornaments appear in
the printed output but have no effect on the MIDI rendering of the
music.

To save typing, fingering instructions (digits 0 to 9 are
supported) and single characters shorthands exist for a few
common symbols

@mudela[]

  \score {
    \notes {
      \property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
      c''4-._"c-."      s4
      c''4--_"c-{}-"    s4
      c''4-+_"c-+"      s4
      c''4-|_"c-|"      s4
      c''4->_"c->"      s4
      c''4-^_"c-\\^{ }" s4
      c''4-1_"c-1"      s4
      c''4-2_"c-2"      s4
      c''4-3_"c-3"      s4
      c''4-4_"c-4"      s4
    }
    \paper {
      linewidth = 5.875 \in;
      indent    = 0.0;
    }
  }

@end mudela

Dynamic marks are specified by using an identifier after a note:
`@code{c4-\ff}' (the dash is optional for dynamics: `@code{c4 \ff})'.  
The available dynamic marks are:
@code{\ppp}
@cindex ppp@@@code{\ppp}
,
@code{\pp}
@cindex pp@@@code{\pp}
, @code{\p}
@cindex p@@@code{\p}
, @code{\mp}
@cindex mp@@@code{\mp}
,
@code{\mf}
@cindex mf@@@code{\mf}
, @code{\f}
@cindex f@@@code{\f}
, @code{\ff}
@cindex ff@@@code{\ff}
,
@code{\fff}
@cindex fff@@@code{\fff}
, @code{\fff}
@cindex ffff@@@code{\ffff}
,
@code{\fp}
@cindex fp@@@code{\fp}
, @code{\sf}
@cindex sf@@@code{\sf}
,
@code{\sff}
@cindex sff@@@code{\sff}
, @code{\sp}
@cindex sp@@@code{\sp}
,
@code{\spp}
@cindex spp@@@code{\spp}
, @code{\sfz}
@cindex sfz@@@code{\sfz}
, and
@code{\rfz}
@cindex rfz@@@code{\rfz}
.


@quotation

  @code{\textscript}
@cindex textscript@@@code{\textscript}
  
@end quotation

Defines a text to be printed over or under a note.   is a
string that may be one of @code{roman}, @code{italic}, @code{typewriter}, 
@code{bold}, @code{Large}, @code{large}, @code{dynamic} or @code{finger}.

You can attach a general textscript request using this syntax:

@quotation

@example 
c4-\textscript "6" "finger"
c4-\textscript "foo" "normal" 
@end example 

@end quotation

This is equivalent to `@code{c4-6 c4-"foo"}'.  


@cindex scripts

@quotation

  @code{\script}
@cindex script@@@code{\script}
 
@end quotation

Prints a symbol above or below a note.  The argument is a string
which points into the script-alias table defined in @file{script.scm}.
The scheme definitions specify whether the symbol follows notes into
the staff, dependence of symbol placement on staff direction, and a
priority for placing several symbols over one note.  Usually the
@code{\script}
@cindex script@@@code{\script}
 keyword is not used directly.  Various
helpful identifier definitions appear in @file{script.ly}.


@cindex slur

Slurs connects chords and try to avoid crossing stems.  A slur is
started with `@code{(}' and stopped with `@code{)}'.  The
starting `@code{(}' appears to the right of the first note in
the slur.  The terminal `@code{)}' appears to the left of the
first note in the slur.  This makes it possible to put a note in
slurs from both sides:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  f'()g'()a' [a'8 b'(] a'4 g'2 )f'4
@end mudela


@cindex crescendo

A crescendo mark is started with @code{\cr}
@cindex cr@@@code{\cr}
 and terminated
with @code{\rc}
@cindex rc@@@code{\rc}
.  A decrescendo mark is started with
@code{\decr}
@cindex decr@@@code{\decr}
 and terminated with
@code{\rced}
@cindex rced@@@code{\rced}
.  There are also shorthands for these
marks.  A crescendo can be started with @code{\<}
@cindex <@@@code{\<}
 and a
decrescendo can be started with @code{\>}
@cindex >@@@code{\>}
.  Either one can
be terminated with @code{\!}
@cindex "!@@@code{\"!}
.  Note that @code{\!}
must go before the last note of the dynamic mark whereas @code{\rc}
and @code{\rced} go after the last note.  Because these marks are
bound to notes, if you want to get several marks during one note, you
must use spacer notes.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  c'' \< \! c''   d'' \decr e'' \rced 
  < f''1 { s4 \< \! s2 \> \! s4 } >
@end mudela


@quotation

  @code{\spanrequest}
@cindex spanrequest@@@code{\spanrequest}
  
@end quotation

Define a spanning request. The  parameter is either -1
(@code{\start}
@cindex start@@@code{\start}
) or 1 (@code{\stop}
@cindex stop@@@code{\stop}
) and
 is a string that describes what should be started.
Supported types are @code{crescendo}, @code{decrescendo},
@code{beam}, @code{slur}.  This is an internal command.  Users should
use the shorthands which are defined in the initialization file
@file{spanners.ly}.

You can attach a (general) span request to a note using

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  c'4-\spanrequest \start "slur"
  c'4-\spanrequest \stop "slur"
@end mudela

The slur syntax with parentheses is a shorthand for this.



@cindex tremolo marks

@node tremolo, Compound music expressions, manualbeam, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Tremolo marks can be printed on a single note by adding
`@code{:}[]' after the note.  The length must be at
least 8.  A  value of 8 gives one line across
the note stem.  If the length is omitted, then the last value is
used, or the value of the @code{abbrev}
@cindex abbrev@@@code{abbrev}
 property if there was
no last value.

@mudela[verbatim,fragment,center]
  c'2:8 c':32
@end mudela



@node Compound music expressions, compoundmusic, tremolo, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Compound music expressions

@cindex compound music expressions

@node compoundmusic, relative, Compound music expressions, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Music expressions are compound data structures.  You can nest music
expressions any way you like.  This simple example shows how three
chords can be expressed in two different ways:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \notes \context Staff {
    \cadenza 1;
    <a c'> <b  d' > <c' e' >
    <{a b  c'}{c' d' e'}>
  }
@end mudela



@cindex context selection

@quotation

  @code{\context}
@cindex context@@@code{\context}

     [@code{=} ] 
@end quotation

Interpret  within a context of type . 
If the context does not exist, it will be created.  The new context
can optionally be given a name.  See
section @xref{contextselection} and @xref{contextdefs} for more
information on interpretation contexts.



@cindex input modes

@cindex mode switch

Mode switching keywords form compound music expressions: @code{\notes}

@cindex notes@@@code{\notes}
 , @code{\chords} 
@cindex chords@@@code{\chords}

, and @code{\lyrics} 
@cindex lyrics@@@code{\lyrics}
 . 
These expressions do not add anything to the meaning of their
arguments.  They are just a way to indicate that the arguments should
be parsed in indicated mode.  See section @xref{modes} for more
information on modes.

More information on context selection can be found in
section @xref{contextselection}.



@cindex sequential music



@quotation

  @code{\sequential}
@cindex sequential@@@code{\sequential}

    @code{@{}  @code{@}}
@end quotation

This means that list should be played or written in sequence, i.e.,
the second after the first, the third after the second.  The duration
of sequential music is the the sum of the durations of the elements. 
There is a shorthand, which leaves out the keyword:

@quotation

  @code{@{}  @code{@}}
@end quotation



@cindex simultaneous music

@cindex <@@@code{<}

@cindex >@@@code{>}

@quotation

  @code{\simultaneous}
@cindex simultaneous@@@code{\simultaneous}

    @code{@{}  @code{@}}
@end quotation

It constructs a music expression where all of its arguments start at
the same moment.  The duration is the maximum of the durations of the
elements.  The following shorthand is a common idiom:

@quotation

  @code{<}  @code{>}
@end quotation

If you try to use a chord as the first thing in your score, you might
get multiple staffs instead of a chord.

@mudela[verbatim,center]
  \score {
    \notes <c''4 e''>
    \paper {
      linewidth = -1.;
    }
  }
@end mudela

This happens because the chord is interpreted by a score context.
Each time a note is encountered a default Voice context (along with a
Staff context) is created.  The solution is to explicitly instantiate
a Voice context:

@mudela[verbatim,center]
  \score {
    \notes\context Voice <c''4 e''>
    \paper {
      linewidth = -1.;
    }
  }
@end mudela



@cindex relative pitch specification

@node relative, sec-repeats, compoundmusic, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

It is easy to get confused by octave changing marks and accidentally
putting a pitch in the wrong octave.  A much better way of entering a
note's octave is `the relative octave' mode.

@quotation

  @code{\relative}
@cindex relative@@@code{\relative}
  
@end quotation

The octave of notes that appear in  are calculated as
follows: If no octave changing marks are used, the basic interval
between this and the last note is always taken to be a fourth or
less.@footnote{The interval is determined without regarding
accidentals.  A @code{fisis} following a @code{ceses} will be put above
the @code{ceses}.}  The octave changing marks `@code{'}' and `@code{,}'
can then be added to raise or lower the pitch by an extra octave. 
Upon entering relative mode, an absolute starting pitch must be
specified that will act as the predecessor of the first note of
.

Entering scales is straightforward in relative mode.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \relative c' {
    c d e f g a b c c,
  }
@end mudela

And octave changing marks are used for intervals greater than a fourth.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \relative c'' {
    c g c f, c' a, e'' }
@end mudela

If the preceding item is a chord, the first note of the chord is used
to determine the first note of the next chord.  But other notes
within the second chord are determined by looking at the immediately
preceding note.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \relative c' {
    c <c e g> 
    <c' e g>
    <c, e' g>
  }
@end mudela 

The pitch after the @code{\relative} contains a notename.  To parse
the pitch as a notename, you have to be in note mode, so there must
be a surrounding @code{\notes}
@cindex notes@@@code{\notes}
 keyword (which is not
shown here).

The relative conversion will not affect @code{\transpose} or
@code{\relative} sections in its argument.  If you want to use
relative within transposed music, you must place an additional
@code{\relative} inside the @code{\transpose}.

It is strongly recommended to use relative pitch mode: less work,
less error-prone, and more readable.



Chord names are a way to generate simultaneous music expressions that
correspond with traditional chord names.  It can only be used in
Chord mode (see section @xref{modes}).

@quotation

  [][@code{-}][@code{^}][@code{/}].
@end quotation

 should be the tonic note of the chord, and 
is the chord duration in the usual notation.  There are two kinds of
modifiers.  One type is @emph{chord additions}, which are obtained by
listing intervals separated by dots.  An interval is written by its
number with an optional `@code{+}' or `@code{-}' to indicate raising or
lowering by half a step.  Chord additions has two effects: It adds
the specified interval and all lower odd numbered intervals to the
chord, and it may lower or raise the specified interval.  Intervals
must be separated by a dot (`@code{.}').

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\transpose c'' {
  \chords {
    c1  c-3-       c-7     c-8
    c-9 c-9-.5+.7+ c-3-.5- c-4.6.8
  }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

The second type of modifier that may appear after the `@code{-}' is a
named modifier.  Named modifiers are listed in the file
@file{chord-modifiers.ly}.  The available modifiers are `@code{m}' and
`@code{min}' which lower the 3rd half a step, `@code{aug}
@cindex aug@@@code{aug}
' which
raises the 5th, `@code{dim}
@cindex dim@@@code{dim}
' which lowers the 5th,
`@code{maj}
@cindex maj@@@code{maj}
' which adds a raised 7th, and `@code{sus}
@cindex sus@@@code{sus}
'
which replaces the 5th with a 4th.

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\transpose c'' {
  \chords {
    c1-m c-min7 c-maj c-aug c-dim c-sus
  }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation
 

Chord subtractions are used to eliminate notes from a chord.  The
notes to be subtracted are listed after a `@code{^}' character,
separated by dots.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \transpose c'' {
    \chords {
      c1^3 c-7^5.3 c-8^7
    }
  }
@end mudela 

Chord inversions can be specified by appending `@code{/}
@cindex /@@@code{/}
' and
the name of a single note to a chord.  This has the effect of
lowering the specified note by an octave so it becomes the lowest
note in the chord.  If the specified note is not in the chord, a
warning will be printed.

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  \transpose c''' {
    \chords {
      c1 c/e c/g c-7/e
    }
  }

@end mudela 

Throughout these examples, chords have been shifted around the staff
using @code{\transpose}.

You should not combine @code{\relative} with named chords. 



@cindex tuplets

Tuplets are made out of a music expression by multiplying their
duration with a fraction.

@quotation

  @code{\times}
@cindex times@@@code{\times}
  
@end quotation

The duration of  will be multiplied by the fraction. 
In print, the fraction's denominator will be printed over the notes,
optionally with a bracket.  The most common tuplet is the triplet in
which 3 notes have the length of 2, so the notes are 2/3 of
their written length:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  g'4 \times 2/3 {c'4 c' c'} d'4 d'4
@end mudela



@cindex grace notes

@quotation

  @code{\grace}
@cindex grace@@@code{\grace}
 
@end quotation

A grace note expression has duration 0; the next real note is
assumed to be the main note.

You cannot have the grace note after the main note, in terms of
duration, and main notes, but you can typeset the grace notes to the
right of the main note using the property
@code{graceAlignPosition}
@cindex graceAlignPosition@@@code{graceAlignPosition}
.

When grace music is interpreted, a score-within-a-score is set up:
 has its own time bookkeeping, and you could (for
example) have a separate time signature within grace notes.  While in
this score-within-a-score, you can create notes, beams, slurs, etc.
Unbeamed eighth notes and shorter by default have a slash through the
stem.  This behavior can be controlled with the
@code{stemStyle}
@cindex stemStyle@@@code{stemStyle}
 property.

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\relative c'' {
  \grace c8 c4 \grace { [c16 c16] } c4
  \grace { \property Grace.stemStyle = "" c16 } c4
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

At present, nesting @code{\grace}
@cindex grace@@@code{\grace}
 notes, e.g.

@quotation

  @code{\grace @{ \grace c32 c16 @} c4}
@end quotation

may result in run-time errors of LilyPond.  Since the meaning of such
a construct is unclear, we don't consider this a loss.  Similarly,
juxtaposing two @code{\grace} sections is syntactically valid, but
makes no sense and may cause runtime errors.

Ending a staff or score with grace notes may also generate a run-time
error, since there will be no main note to attach the grace notes to.



@cindex repeats

@node sec-repeats, transpose, relative, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

In order to specify repeats, use the @code{\repeat}
@cindex repeat@@@code{\repeat}

keyword.  Since repeats look and sound differently when played or
printed, there are a few different variants of repeats.

@table @samp
  @item unfolded @* 
    Repeated music is fully written (played) out.  Useful for MIDI
    output.

  @item volta @* 
    This is the normal notation: Repeats are not written out, but
    alternative endings (voltas) are printed, left to right.

  @item folded @* 
    Alternative endings are written stacked, which is useful for
    lyrics.
@end table  

The syntax for repeats is

@quotation

  @code{\repeat}   
@end quotation

If you have alternative endings, you may add

@quotation

  @code{\alternative}
@cindex alternative@@@code{\alternative}

    @code{@{} 
            
             ... @code{@}}
@end quotation

where each  is a Music expression.

Normal notation repeats are used like this:

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
  c'1
  \repeat volta 2 { c'4 d' e' f' }
  \repeat volta 2 { f' e' d' c' }

@end mudela
@end quotation

With alternative endings:

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
  c'1
  \repeat volta 2 {c'4 d' e' f'} 
  \alternative { {d'2 d'} {f' f} }

@end mudela
@end quotation

Folded repeats look like this:@footnote{Folded repeats offer little
more over simultaneous music.  However, it is to be expected that
more functionality -- especially for the MIDI backend -- will be
implemented.}

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
  c'1
  \repeat fold 2 {c'4 d' e' f'} 
  \alternative { {d'2 d'} {f' f} }

@end mudela
@end quotation

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\context Staff {
  \relative c' {
    \partial 4;
    \repeat volta 2 { e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
    \alternative { { g4 g g } { a | a a a a | b1 } }
  }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

If you don't give enough alternatives for all of the repeats, then
the first alternative is assumed to be repeated often enough to equal
the specified number of repeats.

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\context Staff {
  \relative c' {
    \repeat volta 3 { \partial 4; e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
    \alternative { { g4 g g }
                   {\partial 1; e4 e e } 
                   {\partial 1; a a a a | b1 } }
  }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

It is possible to nest @code{\repeat}.  This is not entirely
supported: the notes will come be in the right places, but the repeat
bars will not.



@cindex transposition of pitches

@node transpose, Ambiguities, sec-repeats, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

A music expression can be transposed with
@code{\transpose}
@cindex transpose@@@code{\transpose}
.  The syntax is

@quotation

  @code{\transpose}  
@end quotation

This means that middle C in  is transposed to
.

@code{\transpose} distinguishes between enharmonic pitches: both
@code{\transpose cis'} or @code{\transpose des'} will transpose up half
a tone.  The first version will print sharps and the second version
will print flats.

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
\context Staff {
  \clef "F";
  { \key e; c d e f }
  \clef "G";
  \transpose des'' { \key e; c d e f }
  \transpose cis'' { \key e; c d e f }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

If you want to use both @code{\transpose} and @code{\relative}, then
you must use @code{\transpose} first.  @code{\relative} will have no
effect music that appears inside a @code{\transpose}.



@cindex automatic lyric durations

If you have lyrics that are set to a melody, you can import the
rhythm of that melody into the lyrics using @code{\addlyrics}.

@cindex addlyrics@@@code{\addlyrics}
 The syntax for this is

@quotation

  @code{\addlyrics} 
@end quotation

This means that both  and  are
interpreted, but that every non-command atomic music expression
(``every syllable'') in  is interpreted using timing
of .

If the property @code{automaticMelismata}
@cindex automaticMelismata@@@code{automaticMelismata}
 is set in the
context of , no lyrics will be put on slurred or tied
notes.

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim,fragment]
\addlyrics
\transpose c'' {
  \property Voice.automaticMelismata = "1"
  c8 () cis d8. e16 f2
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
 do4 re mi fa }

@end mudela
@end quotation

You should use a single rhythm melody, and single rhythm lyrics (a
constant duration is the obvious choice).  If you do not, you will get
undesired effects when using multiple stanzas:

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim,fragment]
\addlyrics
\transpose c'' {
  c8 () cis d8. e16 f2
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics
< { do4 re mi fa }
  { do8 re mi fa } >

@end mudela
@end quotation

It is valid (but probably not very useful) to use notes instead of
lyrics for .




@node Ambiguities, Notation conversion specifics, transpose, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Ambiguities

@cindex ambiguities

The grammar contains a number of ambiguities.@footnote{The authors
hope to resolve them at a later time.}

@itemize @bullet
  @item  The assignment

       @quotation

         @example 
foo = bar 
@end example 

       @end quotation

       can be interpreted as making a string identifier @code{\foo}
       containing @code{"bar"}, or a music identifier @code{\foo}
       containing the syllable `bar'.

  @item  The assignment

       @quotation

         @example 
foo = -6 
@end example 

       @end quotation

       can be interpreted as making an integer identifier
       containing -6, or a Request identifier containing the
       fingering `6' (with neutral direction).

  @item  If you do a nested repeat like

       @quotation

@example 
\repeat ...
\repeat ...
\alternative 
@end example 

       @end quotation

       then it is ambiguous to which @code{\repeat} the
       @code{\alternative} belongs.  This is the classic if-then-else
       dilemma.  It may be solved by using braces.

  @item  (an as yet unidentified ambiguity :-)
@end itemize



@node Notation conversion specifics, autobeam, Ambiguities, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Notation conversion specifics



@cindex automatic beam generation

@node autobeam, lyricprint, Notation conversion specifics, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

By default, LilyPond will generate beams automatically.  This feature
can be disabled by setting the @code{Voice.noAutoBeaming}
@cindex Voice.noAutoBeaming@@@code{Voice.noAutoBeaming}

property to 1.  It can be overridden for specific cases by
specifying explicit beams as described in
section @xref{manualbeam}.

A large number of Voice properties are used to decide how to generate
beams.  Their default values appear in @file{auto-beam-settings.ly}.
In general, beams can begin anywhere, but their ending location is
significant.  Beams can end on a beat, or at durations specified by
the @code{Voice.beamAutoEnd}
@cindex Voice.beamAutoEnd@@@code{Voice.beamAutoEnd}
 property.  To end beams every
quarter note, for example, you could set
@code{Voice.beamAutoEnd}
@cindex Voice.beamAutoEnd@@@code{Voice.beamAutoEnd}
 equal to `@code{"1/4"}'.  To end beams
at every three eighth notes you would set it to `@code{"3/8"}'.  The
same syntax can be used to specify beam starting points using
@code{Voice.beamAutoBegin}
@cindex Voice.beamAutoBegin@@@code{Voice.beamAutoBegin}
.

To allow different settings for different time signatures, these
property names can start with `@code{time}@code{_}' to
restrict the definition to `@code{/}' time.  For example,
to specify beams ending only for 6/8 time you would use the
property @code{Voice.time6_8beamAutoEnd}.  To allow different endings
for notes of different durations, the duration can be tacked onto the
end of the property.  To specify beam endings for beams that contain
32nd notes, you would use @code{Voice.beamAutoEnd_32}.



@cindex chord names

@cindex chords

@cindex printing!chord names

For displaying printed chord names, use the @code{ChordNames}
@cindex ChordNames@@@code{ChordNames}

and @code{ChordNameVoice}
@cindex ChordNameVoice@@@code{ChordNameVoice}
 contexts.  The chords may be entered
either using the notation described above, or directly using
simultaneous music.

@quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim]
<
  \context ChordNames {
    \chords{a b c} \notes{<d f g>  <e g b>}
  }
  \context Staff \notes {
    a b c' d' e'
  }
>

@end mudela
@end quotation

LilyPond examines chords specified as lists of notes to determine a
name to give the chord.  By default, LilyPond will not try to
identify chord inversions:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  <
    \context ChordNameVoice \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
    \context Thread \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
  >
@end mudela

If you want inversions to be recognized, you must set the property
@code{ChordNames.chordInversion}
@cindex ChordNames.chordInversion@@@code{ChordNames.chordInversion}
:

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
  <
    \property Score.chordInversion = 1
    \context ChordNameVoice \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
    \context Thread \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
  >
@end mudela



@cindex lyrics

@cindex printing!lyrics

@node lyricprint, Notation Contexts, autobeam, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Lyric syllables must be interpreted within a @code{Lyrics} context

@cindex context!Lyrics
 for printing them.

Here is a full example: 

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim]
\score {
  <
    \notes \transpose c'' {
      c d e c | c d e c |
      e f g2 | e4 f g2 \bar "|.";
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics { 
      Va-4 der Ja- cob Va- der Ja- cob
      Slaapt gij nog?2 Slaapt4 gij nog?2
    }
  >
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

You may want a continuous line after the syllables to show melismata. 
To achieve this effect, add a `@code{__}' lyric as a separate word
after the lyric to be extended.  This will create an extender, a line
that extends over the entire duration of the lyric.  This line will
run all the way to the start of the next lyric, so you may want to
shorten it by using a blank lyric (using `@code{_}').

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim]
\score {
  <
    \notes \relative c'' {
      a4 () b () c () d | c () d () b () a | c () d () b () a
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics {
      foo1 __ | bar2. __ _4 | baz1 __
    }
  >
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

     
If you want to have hyphens centered between syllables (rather than
attached to the end of the first syllable) you can use the special
`@code{-}@code{-}' lyric as a separate word between syllables.  This
will result in a hyphen which length varies depending on the space
between syllables, and which will be centered between the syllables. 
For example:

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim]
\score {
  <
    \notes \transpose c'' {
      c d e c | c d e c |
      e f g2 | e4 f g2 \bar "|.";
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics {
      Va4 -- der Ja -- cob | Va -- der Ja -- cob |
      Slaapt gij nog?2 | Slaapt4 gij nog?2
    }
  >
}

@end mudela
@end quotation



@node Notation Contexts, contextselection, lyricprint, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Notation Contexts

@cindex notation contexts

Notation contexts are objects that only exist during a run of
LilyPond.  During the interpretation phase of LilyPond, the Music
expression contained in a @code{\score} block is interpreted in time
order.  This is the order in which humans read, play, and write
music.

A context is an object that holds the reading state of the
expression; it contains information like

@itemize @bullet
  @item  What notes are playing at this point?
  @item  What symbols will be printed at this point?
  @item  In what style will they printed?
  @item  What is the current key signature, time signature, point within
       the measure, etc.?
@end itemize

Contexts are grouped hierarchically: A @code{Voice} context is
contained in a @code{Staff} context (because a staff can contain
multiple voices at any point), a @code{Staff} context is contained in
a @code{Score}, @code{StaffGroup}, or @code{ChoirStaff} context (because
these can all contain multiple staffs).

Contexts associated with sheet music output are called @emph{notation
contexts}, those for sound output are called playing contexts.

Contexts are created either manually or automatically.  Initially,
the top level music expression is interpreted by the top level
context (the @code{Score} context).  When a atomic music expression
(i.e. a note, a rest, @code{\bar}, or @code{\time} commands), a nested
set of contexts is created that can process these atomic expressions,
as in this example:

@quotation

  @example 
\score @{ \notes < c4 > @} 
@end example 

@end quotation

The sequential music, `@code{@{ c4 @}}' is interpreted by @code{Score}
context. When the note `@code{c4}' itself is interpreted, a set of
contexts is needed that will accept notes.  The default for this is a
@code{Voice} context, contained in a @code{Staff} context.  Creation of
these contexts results in the staff being printed.


@node contextselection, Notation output definitions, Notation Contexts, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@cindex context

You can also create contexts manually, and you probably have to do so
if you want to typeset complicated multiple part material.  If a
`@code{\context}  ' expression is encountered
during the interpretation phase, the  argument will be
interpreted with a context of type .  If you specify a name,
the specific context with that name is searched.

If a context of the specified type and name can not be found, a new
one is created.  For example,

@quotation

@mudela[verbatim]
\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    c4 <d4 \context Staff = "another" e4> f
  }
}

@end mudela
@end quotation

In this example, the @code{c} and @code{d} are printed on the
default staff.  For the @code{e}, a context Staff called
`@code{another}' is specified; since that does not exist, a new
context is created.  Within @code{another}, a (default) Voice context
is created for the @code{e4}.  When all music referring to a
context is finished, the context is ended as well.  So after the
third quarter, @code{another} is removed.

Almost all music expressions inherit their interpretation context
from their parent.  In other words, suppose that the syntax for a
music expression is

@quotation

  @code{\keyword}   ...
@end quotation

When the interpretation of this music expression starts, the context
for , , etc. is that of the total
expression.

Lastly, you may wonder, why this:

@quotation

@example 
\score @{
  \notes \relative c'' @{
    c4 d4 e4
  @}
@} 
@end example 

@end quotation

doesn't result in this:

@mudela[]

  \score {
    \notes \relative c'' {
      <c4> <d4> <e4>
    }
  }

@end mudela

For the @code{c4}, a default @code{Staff} (with a contained
@code{Voice}) context is created.  After the @code{c4} ends, no
music refers to this default staff, so it would be ended, with the
result shown.  To prevent this inconvenient behavior, the context to
which the sequential music refers is adjusted during the
interpretation.  So after the @code{c4} ends, the context of the
sequential music is also the default @code{Voice} context. 
The @code{d4} gets interpreted in the same context
as @code{c4}.



These are the contexts supplied with the package.  They are defined
in the initialization file @file{ly/engraver.ly}.

@table @samp
  @item @code{Grace}
@cindex Grace@@@code{Grace}
 @* 
    The context for handling grace notes.  It is instantiated
    automatically when you use @code{\grace}.  Basically, it is an
    `embedded' miniature of the Score context.  Since this context
    needs special interaction with the rest of LilyPond, you should
    not explicitly instantiate it.

  @item @code{LyricVoice}
@cindex LyricVoice@@@code{LyricVoice}
 @* 
    Corresponds to a voice with lyrics.  Handles the printing of a
    single line of lyrics.

  @item @code{Thread}
@cindex Thread@@@code{Thread}
 @* 
    Handles note heads, and is contained in the Voice context.  You
    have to instantiate this explicitly if you want to adjust the
    style of individual note heads.

  @item @code{Voice}
@cindex Voice@@@code{Voice}
 @* 
    Corresponds to a voice on a staff.  This context handles the
    conversion of dynamic signs, stems, beams, super- and subscripts,
    slurs, ties, and rests.

    You have to instantiate this explicitly if you want to have
    multiple voices on the same staff.

  @item @code{ChordNamesVoice}
@cindex ChordNamesVoice@@@code{ChordNamesVoice}
 @* 
    A voice with chord names.  Handles printing of a line of chord
    names.

  @item @code{ChordNames}
@cindex ChordNames@@@code{ChordNames}
 @* 
    Typesets chord names.  Can contain @code{ChordNamesVoice}
    contexts.

  @item @code{Lyrics}
@cindex Lyrics@@@code{Lyrics}
 @* 
    Typesets lyrics.  It can contain @code{LyricVoice} contexts.

  @item @code{Staff}
@cindex Staff@@@code{Staff}
 @* 
    Handles clefs, bar lines, keys, accidentals.  It can contain
    @code{Voice} contexts.

  @item @code{RhythmicStaff}
@cindex RhythmicStaff@@@code{RhythmicStaff}
 @* 
    A context like @code{Staff} but for printing rhythms.  Pitches are
    ignored; the notes are printed on one line.  It can contain
    @code{Voice} contexts.

  @item @code{GrandStaff}
@cindex GrandStaff@@@code{GrandStaff}
 @* 
    Contains @code{Staff} or @code{RhythmicStaff} contexts.  It adds a
    brace on the left side, grouping the staffs together.  The bar
    lines of the contained staffs are connected vertically.  It can
    contain @code{Staff} contexts.

  @item @code{PianoStaff}
@cindex PianoStaff@@@code{PianoStaff}
 @* 
    Just like @code{GrandStaff} but with @code{minVerticalAlign} set
    equal to @code{maxVerticalAlign} so that interstaff beaming and
    slurring can be used.

  @item @code{StaffGroup}
@cindex StaffGroup@@@code{StaffGroup}
 @* 
    Contains @code{Staff} or @code{RhythmicStaff} contexts.  Adds a
    bracket on the left side, grouping the staffs together.  The bar
    lines of the contained staffs are connected vertically.  It can
    contain @code{Staff}, @code{RhythmicStaff}, @code{GrandStaff}, or
    @code{Lyrics} contexts.

  @item @code{ChoirStaff}
@cindex ChoirStaff@@@code{ChoirStaff}
 @* 
    Identical to @code{StaffGroup} except that the contained staffs
    are not connected vertically.

  @item @code{Score}
@cindex Score@@@code{Score}
 @* 
    This is the top level notation context.  No other context can
    contain a @code{Score} context.  This context handles the
    administration of time signatures.  It also makes sure that items
    such as clefs, time signatures, and key-signatures are aligned
    across staffs.  It can contain @code{Lyrics}, @code{Staff},
    @code{RhythmicStaff}, @code{GrandStaff}, @code{StaffGroup}, and
    @code{ChoirStaff} contexts.

    You cannot explicitly instantiate a Score context (since it is
    not contained in any other context).  It is instantiated
    automatically when an output definition (a @code{\score} or
    @code{\paper} block) is processed.
@end table



Properties that are set in one context are inherited by all of the
contained contexts.  This means that a property valid for the
@code{Voice} context can be set in the @code{Score} context (for
example) and thus take effect in all @code{Voice} contexts.

Properties can be preset within the @code{\translator} block
corresponding to the appropriate context.  In this case, the syntax
is

@quotation

   @code{=} 
@end quotation

This assignment happens before interpretation starts, so a
@code{\property} expression will override any predefined settings.

The @code{\property} expression will create any property you specify.
There is no guarantee that a property will be used.  So if you spell
a property name wrong, there will be no error message.

The property settings are used during the interpretation phase.  They
are read by the LilyPond modules where interpretation contexts are
built of.  These modules are called @emph{translators}.  Translators for
notation are called @emph{engravers}, and translators for sound are
called @emph{performers}.

The precise result of a property is determined by the implementation
of the translator that reads them.  Therefore, the result of a
property can vary, since it is implementation and configuration
dependent.

In order to fully find out what properties are used, you must
currently search the source code for calls to @code{get_property}. 
The rest of the section is devoted to an (incomplete) overview of
available properties.


@cindex properties!Lyrics

@table @samp
  @item @code{textStyle}
@cindex textStyle@@@code{textStyle}
 @* 
    Set the font for lyrics.  The available font choices are
    @code{roman}, @code{italic}, @code{bold}, @code{large}, @code{Large},
    @code{typewriter}, and @code{finger}.  The @code{finger} font can
    only display numbers.  Note also that you must be careful when
    using @code{\property} in Lyrics mode, because of the way strings
    are parsed.  Either put quotes around the arguments to
    @code{\property} or be sure to leave a space on both sides of the
    dot.
@end table


@cindex properties!Thread

@table @samp
  @item @code{noteheadStyle}
@cindex noteheadStyle@@@code{noteheadStyle}
 @* 
    Selects type of note head.  Choices are @code{cross},
    @code{diamond}, @code{harmonic}, @code{transparent}, and @code{""}. 
    They are shown in that order below.

    @mudela[center]

      \score {
        \notes { 
          \property Staff.barNonAuto = 1
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = cross 
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = diamond
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = harmonic
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = transparent
          a' 
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = ""
          a'
        }
        \paper {
          linewidth = -1.;
        }
      }
    
@end mudela
@end table

@subsubheading Grace properties

@cindex properties!Grace

 
@table @samp  
  @item @code{stemStyle}
@cindex stemStyle@@@code{stemStyle}
 @* 
    By default set to @code{"grace"} meaning that all unbeamed 
    notes with flags are typeset with a slash through the flag. 
    Setting to @code{""} gives standard flags.
@end table


@cindex properties!Voice

@table @samp  
  @item @code{abbrev}
@cindex abbrev@@@code{abbrev}
 @* 
    Set length for tremolo to be used if no length is explicitly
    specified. 

  @item @code{articulationScriptPadding}
@cindex articulationScriptPadding@@@code{articulationScriptPadding}

    @* 
    Determines the extra space added between articulation marks, such
    as staccato, tenuto, trill, up/down bow or fermata, and the
    closest staff line or note.

  @item @code{articulationScriptVerticalDirection}
    
@cindex articulationScriptVerticalDirection@@@code{articulationScriptVerticalDirection}
 @* 
    Determines the location of articulation marks.  Set to @code{\up}
    to print marks above the staff; set to @code{\down} to print marks
    below the staff.  This property does not override explicit
    directions marked with `@code{^}' or `@code{_}' in the mudela file.
    
  @item @code{noAutoBeaming}
@cindex beamAuto@@@code{beamAuto}
 @* 
    If set to 1 then beams are not generated automatically.

  @item @code{beamAutoEnd}
@cindex beamAutoEnd@@@code{beamAutoEnd}
 @* 
    Specifies when automatically generated beams can end.  See
    section @xref{autobeam}.

  @item @code{beamAutoBegin}
@cindex beamAutoBegin@@@code{beamAutoBegin}
 @* 
    Specifies when automatically generated beams can start.  See
    section @xref{autobeam}.

  @item @code{beamquantisation}
@cindex beamquantisation@@@code{beamquantisation}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\none} for no quantization.  Set to @code{\normal} to
    quantize position and slope.  Set to @code{\traditional} to avoid
    wedges.  These three settings are available via
    @code{\beamposfree}
@cindex beamposfree@@@code{\beamposfree}
,
    @code{\beamposnormal}
@cindex beamposnormal@@@code{\beamposnormal}
, and
    @code{\beampostraditional}
@cindex beampostraditional@@@code{\beampostraditional}
.

  @item @code{beamslopedamping}
@cindex beamslopedamping@@@code{beamslopedamping}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\none} for undamped beams.  Set to @code{\normal} for
    damped beams.  Set to @code{\infinity} for beams with zero slope. 
    The identifiers
    @code{\beamslopeproportional}
@cindex beamslopeproportional@@@code{\beamslopeproportional}
,
    @code{\beamslopedamped}
@cindex beamslopedamped@@@code{\beamslopedamped}
, and
    @code{\beamslopezero}
@cindex beamslopezero@@@code{\beamslopezero}
 each set the
    corresponding value.

  @item @code{dynamicDirection}
@cindex dynamicDirection@@@code{dynamicDirection}
 @* 
    Determines location of dynamic marks.  Set to @code{\up} to print
    marks above the staff; set to @code{\down} to print marks below
    the staff.

  @item @code{dynamicStyle}
@cindex dynamicStyle@@@code{dynamicStyle}
 @* 
    Set the text style for dynamics.  

  @item @code{fontSize}
@cindex fontSize@@@code{fontSize}
 @* 
    Can be used to select smaller font sizes for music.  The normal
    font size is 0, and the two smaller sizes are -1
    and -2.

   @item @code{forceHorizontalShift}
@cindex forceHorizontalShift@@@code{forceHorizontalShift}
 @* 
    Force horizontal shift for collision resolution.  It overrides
    automatic collision resolution.  The value is the shift amount
    expressed in @code{note_width}, as set in the paper section.
    

  @item @code{horizontalNoteShift}
@cindex horizontalNoteShift@@@code{horizontalNoteShift}
 @* 
    Enable LilyPond to shift notes horizontally if they collide with
    other notes.  This is useful when typesetting many voices on one
    staff.  The identifier @code{\shift}
@cindex shift@@@code{\shift}
 is defined to
    enable this.  Traditionally, the outer chords (the upmost and
    downmost voices), should have no @code{horizontalNoteShift}.

  @item @code{markScriptPadding}
@cindex markScriptPadding@@@code{markScriptPadding}
 @* 
    Determines the extra space added between the mark and the closest
    staff line or note.

  @item @code{markDirection}
@cindex markDirection@@@code{markDirection}
 @* 
    Determines if marks should be printed above or below the staff.
    Set to @code{\up} to print marks above the staff; set to
    @code{\down} to print marks below the staff.

  @item @code{midiInstrument}
@cindex midiInstrument@@@code{midiInstrument}
 @* 
    Sets the instrument for MIDI output.  If this property is not set
    then LilyPond will use the @code{instrument} property.  This must
    be set to one of the strings on the list of MIDI instruments that
    appears in section @xref{midilist}.  If you use a string which
    is not listed, LilyPond will silently substitute piano.

  @item @code{oldTieBehavior}
@cindex oldTieBehavior@@@code{oldTieBehavior}
 @* 
    Set to 1 in order to get old tie behavior where ties would
    connect unequal pitches.  This property is deprecated, and its
    use is not recommended.

  @item @code{restStyle}
@cindex restStyle@@@code{restStyle}
 @* 
    Change the layout of rests shorter than quarter notes. 
    Currently, the standard layout @code{""} and mensural notation
    @code{"mensural"} are available. Mensural rests of duration
    32 or shorter are not available.
    
  @item @code{scriptHorizontal}
@cindex scriptHorizontal@@@code{scriptHorizontal}
 @* 
    Put scripts left or right of note heads.  Support for this is
    limited.  Accidentals will collide with scripts.
    
  @item @code{slurVerticalDirection}
@cindex slurVerticalDirection@@@code{slurVerticalDirection}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\free} for free choice of slur direction, set to
    @code{\up} to force slurs up, set to @code{\down} to force slurs
    down.  The shorthands @code{\slurup}
@cindex slurup@@@code{\slurup}
,
    @code{\slurdown}
@cindex slurdown@@@code{\slurdown}
, and
    @code{\slurboth}
@cindex slurboth@@@code{\slurboth}
 are available.

  @item @code{slurDash}
@cindex slurDash@@@code{slurDash}
 @* 
    Set to 0 for normal slurs, 1 for dotted slurs, and a
    larger value for dashed slurs.  Identifiers
    @code{\slurnormal}
@cindex slurnormal@@@code{\slurnormal}
 and
    @code{\slurdotted}
@cindex slurdotted@@@code{\slurdotted}
 are predefined to set the
    first two settings.

@item @code{stemLength}
@cindex stemLength@@@code{stemLength}
 @* 
    Set length of stems.  Unit is `@code{interline}/2', so
    @code{stemLength} defaults to 7.

  @item @code{stemLeftBeamCount}
@cindex stemLeftBeamCount@@@code{stemLeftBeamCount}
 @* 
    Specify the number of beams to draw on the left side of the next
    note.  Overrides automatic beaming.  The value is only used once,
    and then it is erased.

  @item @code{stemRightBeamCount}
@cindex stemRightBeamCount@@@code{stemRightBeamCount}
 @* 
    Specify the number of beams to draw on the right side of the next
    note.  Overrides automatic beaming.  The value is only used once,
    and then it is erased.
  @item @code{tieVerticalDirection}
@cindex tieVerticalDirection@@@code{tieVerticalDirection}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\free} for free choice of tie direction, set to
    @code{\up} to force ties up, set to @code{\down} to force ties
    down.

  @item @code{transposing}
@cindex transposing@@@code{transposing}
 @* 
    Transpose the MIDI output.  Set this property to the number of
    half-steps to transpose by.

  
  @item @code{textEmptyDimension}
@cindex textEmptyDimension@@@code{textEmptyDimension}
 @* 
    If set to 1 then text placed above or below the staff is
    assumed to have zero width.
  
  @item @code{textStyle}
@cindex textStyle@@@code{textStyle}
 @* 
    Set the text style for superscripts and subscripts.  See above
    for list of text styles.

  @item @code{textScriptPadding}
@cindex textScriptPadding@@@code{textScriptPadding}
 @* 
    Determines the extra space added between superscripted resp.
    subscripted text and the closest staff line or note.

  @item @code{verticalDirection}
@cindex verticalDirection@@@code{verticalDirection}
 @* 
    Determines the direction of stems, subscripts, beams, slurs, and
    ties.  Set to @code{\down} to force them down, @code{\up} to force
    them up, or @code{\free} to let LilyPond decide.  This can be used
    to distinguish between voices on the same staff.  The
    @code{\stemdown}
@cindex stemdown@@@code{\stemdown}
, @code{\stemup}
@cindex stemup@@@code{\stemup}
,
    and @code{\stemboth}
@cindex stemboth@@@code{\stemboth}
 identifiers set this
    property.
    

  @item @code{tupletDirection}
@cindex tupletDirection@@@code{tupletDirection}
 @* 
    Determines the direction of triplets and other tuplets.  Set to
    @code{\down} to force them below the staff, @code{\up} to force
    them above, or @code{\free} to let LilyPond decide.

  @item @code{tupletVisibility}
@cindex tupletVisibility@@@code{tupletVisibility}
 @* 
    Determines whether tuplets of notes are labelled.  Setting
    to 0 shows nothing; setting to 1 shows a number;
    setting to 2 shows a number and a bracket if there is no
    beam; setting to 3 shows a number, and if there is no beam
    it adds a bracket; setting to 4 shows both a number and a
    bracket unconditionally.

@end table

@subsubheading Staff properties

@cindex properties!Staff

@table @samp
 
  @item @code{barNonAuto}
@cindex barNonAuto@@@code{barNonAuto}
 @* 
    If set to 1 then bar lines will not be printed
    automatically; they must be explicitly created with @code{\bar}
    keywords.  Unlike with the @code{\cadenza} keyword, measures are
    still counted.  Bar generation will resume according to that
    count if this property is set to zero.

  @item @code{barNumberDirection}
@cindex barNumberDirection@@@code{barNumberDirection}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\up} or @code{\down} to put bar numbers above or below
    the staff.

  @item @code{barNumberHangOnClef}
@cindex barNumberHangOnClef@@@code{barNumberHangOnClef}
 @* 
    Set to 1 to cause bar numbers to appear above or below the
    clef instead of on the bar line.  This property is deprecated. 
    Do not use.

  @item @code{barNumberScriptPadding}
@cindex barNumberScriptPadding@@@code{barNumberScriptPadding}
 @* 
    Sets extra space between the bar number and the bar it labels.

  @item @code{barSize}
@cindex barSize@@@code{barSize}
 @* 
    Specify the height of the bar lines if it should be different
    than the staff height.

  @item @code{barAtLineStart}
@cindex barAtLineStart@@@code{barAtLineStart}
 @* 
    Set to 1 to produce a bar line after the clef at the start
    of each line (but not at the beginning of the music).

  @item @code{clefStyle}
@cindex clefStyle@@@code{clefStyle}
 @* 
    Determines how clefs are typeset.  If set to @code{transparent},
    the clefs are not printed at all, if set to
    @code{fullSizeChanges}, clef changes in the middle of a line are
    typeset with a full size clef.  By default, clef changes are
    typeset in smaller size.

  @item @code{createKeyOnClefChange}
@cindex createKeyOnClefChange@@@code{createKeyOnClefChange}
 @* 
    Set to a nonempty string if you want key signatures to be printed
    when the clef changes.  Set to the empty string if you do not
    want key signatures printed.

  @item @code{createInitdefaultClef}
@cindex createInitdefaultClef@@@code{createInitdefaultClef}
 @* 
    Specify whether clefs are created on default?  (Doesn't seem to
    do anything.)

  @item @code{defaultClef}
@cindex defaultClef@@@code{defaultClef}
 @* 
    Determines the default clef.  See @code{\clef} keyword.

  @item @code{markHangOnClef}
@cindex markHangOnClef@@@code{markHangOnClef}
 @* 
    Set to 1 to cause marks to appear by clefs instead of by bar
    lines.  Deprecated, use is not recommended.

  @item @code{marginDirection}
@cindex marginDirection@@@code{marginDirection}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\left} or @code{\right} to specify location of
    marginal scripts.

  @item @code{marginScriptPadding}
@cindex marginScriptPadding@@@code{marginScriptPadding}
 @* 
    Specify extra space for marginal scripts.

  @item @code{forgetAccidentals}
@cindex forgetAccidentals@@@code{forgetAccidentals}
 @* 
    Causes accidentals to be printed at every note instead of
    remembered for the duration of a measure.

  @item @code{noResetKey}
@cindex noResetKey@@@code{noResetKey}
 @* 
    Do not reset the key at the start of a measure.  Accidentals will
    be printed only once and are in effect until overridden, possibly
    many measures later.

  @item @code{staffLineLeading}
@cindex staffLineLeading@@@code{staffLineLeading}
 @* 
    Specifies the distance (in points) between lines of the staff.

  @item @code{numberOfStaffLines}
@cindex numberOfStaffLines@@@code{numberOfStaffLines}
 @* 
    Specifies the number of staff lines.  The default is 5.

  @item @code{postBreakPadding}
@cindex postBreakPadding@@@code{postBreakPadding}
 @* 
    Extra space in points to be added after the clef, time signature
    and key signature on the staff.  Deprecated, do not use.

  @item @code{noVoltaBraces}
@cindex noVoltaBraces@@@code{noVoltaBraces}
 @* 
    Set to true to suppress the printing of brackets over alternate
    endings specified by the command @code{\alternative}.

  @item @code{numberOfStaffLines}
@cindex numberOfStaffLines@@@code{numberOfStaffLines}
 @* 
    Sets the number of lines that the staff has.
 
  @item @code{barAlways}
@cindex barAlways@@@code{barAlways}
 @* 
    If set to 1 a bar line is drawn after each note.

  @item @code{defaultBarType}
@cindex defaultBarType@@@code{defaultBarType}
 @* 
    Sets the default type of bar line. See Section @xref{barlines} 
    for a list of available bar types.

  @item @code{instrument}, @code{instr}
    
@cindex instrument@@@code{instrument}

@cindex instr@@@code{instr}
 @* 
    If @code{Staff_margin_engraver}
@cindex Staff_margin_engraver
 is
    added to the Staff translator, then the @code{instrument} property
    is used to label the first line of the staff and the @code{instr}
    property is used to label subsequent lines.  If the
    @code{midiInstrument} property is not set, then @code{instrument}
    is used to determine the instrument for MIDI output.

  @item @code{keyOctaviation}
@cindex keyOctaviation@@@code{keyOctaviation}
 @* 
    If set to 1, then keys are the same in all octaves.  If set
    to 0 then the key signature for different octaves can be
    different and is specified independently:

    @quotation

      @code{\keysignature bes fis'}
    @end quotation

    The default value is 1.  Can be set to zero with
    @code{\specialkey} or reset to 1 with @code{\normalkey}.

  @item @code{timeSignatureStyle}
@cindex timeSignatureStyle@@@code{timeSignatureStyle}
 @* 
    Changes the default two-digit layout for time signatures.  The
    following values are recognized:

    @table @samp
      @item @code{C}
@cindex C@@@code{C}
 @* 
        4/4 and 2/2 are typeset as C and struck C, respectively.  All
        other time signatures are written with two digits.

      @item @code{old}
@cindex old@@@code{old}
 @* 
        2/2, 3/2, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/4, 9/4, 4/8, 6/8 and 9/8 are
        typeset with old-style mensuration marks.  All other time
        signatures are written with two digits.

      @item @code{1}
@cindex 1@@@code{1}
 @* 
        All time signatures are typeset with a single
        digit, e.g. 3/2 is written as 3.

      @item 
@cindex CM/N@@@code{CM/N}
@code{C}@code{/}, 
      
@cindex oldM/N@@@code{oldM/N}
@code{old}@code{/} or
      @code{old6/8alt}
@cindex old6/8alt@@@code{old6/8alt}
 @* 
        Tells LilyPond to use a specific symbol as time signature.
    @end table

    The different time signature characters are shown below with its
    names:

    @mudela[center]

      \score {
        \notes\relative c'' {
          \property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "C2/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"C2/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "C4/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"C4/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old2/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old2/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old3/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old3/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old2/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old2/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old4/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old4/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old9/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old9/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old4/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old4/8" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/8" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/8alt"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/8alt" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old9/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old9/8" a2 
        }
        \paper {
          linewidth = 4.5 \in;
        }
      }
    
@end mudela

  @item @code{voltaSpannerDuration}
@cindex voltaSpannerDuration@@@code{voltaSpannerDuration}
 @* 
    Set to an integer to control the size of the brackets printed by
    @code{\alternative}.  The integer specifies the number of whole
    notes duration to use for the brackets.  It is rounded to the
    nearest measure.  This can be used to shrink the length of
    brackets in the situation where one alternative is very large. 
    It may have odd effects if the specified duration is longer than
    the music given in an @code{\alternative}.
@end table
   

@cindex properties!GrandStaff

@table @samp 
  @item @code{alignmentReference}
@cindex alignmentReference@@@code{alignmentReference}
 @* 
    Set to @code{\center} for vertical alignment reference point to be
    in the center of the vertical group.  Set to @code{\up} to put the
    reference point at the top of the group.

  @item @code{maxVerticalAlign}
@cindex maxVerticalAlign@@@code{maxVerticalAlign}
 @* 
    Set the maximum vertical distance between staffs.

  @item @code{minVerticalAlign}
@cindex minVerticalAlign@@@code{minVerticalAlign}
 @* 
    Set the minimum vertical distance between staffs.  
@end table


@cindex properties!Score

@table @samp
  @item @code{skipBars}
@cindex skipBars@@@code{skipBars}
 @* 
    Set to 1 to skip the empty bars that are produced by
    multimeasure notes and rests.  These bars will not appear on the
    printed output.  Set to zero (the default) to expand multimeasure
    notes and rests into their full length, printing the appropriate
    number of empty bars so that synchronization with other voices is
    preserved.

    @quotation

@mudela[fragment,verbatim,center]
r1 r1*3 R1*3\property Score.skipBars=1 r1*3 R1*3

@end mudela
    @end quotation

@end table


@cindex properties!ChordNamesVoice

@table @samp
  @item @code{chordInversion}
@cindex chordInversion@@@code{chordInversion}
 @* 
    Determines whether LilyPond should look for chord inversions when
    translating from notes to chord names.  Set to 1 to find
    inversions.  The default is 0 which does not look for
    inversions.
@end table



@node Notation output definitions, output, contextselection, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Notation output definitions

@cindex output

@cindex notation output

@cindex output definition

@node output, paper, Notation output definitions, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@node paper, papervars, output, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

The most important output definition is the @code{\paper} block, for
music notation.  The syntax is

@quotation

  @code{\paper @{} []  @code{@}}
@end quotation

where each of the items is one of

@itemize @bullet
  @item  An assignment.  The assignment must be terminated by a
       semicolon.  See section @xref{papervars} for information on
       paper variables.

  @item  A context definition.  See section @xref{contextdefs} for
       more information on context definitions.

  @item  A margin shape declaration.  The syntax is

       @quotation

         @code{\shape} @code{,} @code{,}
                      @code{,}  ... @code{;}
       @end quotation

       
@cindex shape@@@code{\shape}

       Each pair of  and  values is a dimension
       specifying how far to indent and how wide to make the line. 
       The indentation and width of successive lines are specified by
       the successive pairs of dimensions.  The last pair of
       dimensions will define the characeristics of all lines beyond
       those explicitly specified.

  @item  A font declaration.  Its syntax is

       @quotation

          @code{=} @code{\font}
@cindex font@@@code{\font}
 
       @end quotation

        is an integer describing the font to be used. 
       0 is the default font.   is the basename of
       a font (usually a member of the Feta family).
@end itemize



@cindex changing font size and paper size

The Feta font provides musical symbols at six different sizes.  These
fonts are 11 point, 13 point, 16 point, 20 point,
23 point, and 26 point.  The point size of a font is the
height of the five lines in a staff when displayed in the font.

Definitions for these sizes are the files @file{paperSZ.ly}, where
@code{SZ} is one of 11, 13, 16, 20, 23 and 26.  If you include
any of these files, the identifiers @code{paper_eleven},
@code{paper_thirteen}, @code{paper_sixteen}, @code{paper_twenty},
@code{paper_twentythree}, and @code{paper_twentysix} are defined
respectively.  The default @code{\paper} block is also set.

To change the paper size, you must first set the
@code{papersize}
@cindex papersize@@@code{papersize}
 variable at top level.  Set it to the strings
@code{a4}, @code{letter}, or @code{legal}.  After this specification,
you must set the font as described above.  If you want the default
font, then use the 20 point font.  The new paper size will not
take effect if the font is not loaded and selected afterwards.  Paper
size selection works by loading a file named after the paper size you
select.



@cindex paper variables

@node papervars, contextdefs, paper, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

There is a large number of paper variables that are used to control
details of the layout.  These variables control the defaults for the
entire score.  Usually, they do not have to be changed; they are by
default set to values that depend on the font size in use.  The
values are used by the graphic objects while formatting the score;
they are therefore implementation dependent.  Most variables are
accompanied by documentation in the initalization file
@file{params.ly} or @file{paperSZ.ly}, where @code{SZ} is the staff
height in points.

Nevertheless, here are some variables you may want to use or change:

@table @samp
  @item @code{indent}
@cindex indent@@@code{indent}
 @* 
    The indentation of the first line of music.

  @item @code{interline}
@cindex interline@@@code{interline}
 @* 
    The distance between two staff lines, calculated from the center
    of the lines.  You should use either this or @code{rulethickness}
    as a unit for distances you modify.
  
  @item @code{linewidth}
@cindex linewidth@@@code{linewidth}
 @* 
    Sets the width of the lines.  If set to -1.0, a single
    unjustified line is produced.

  @item @code{output}
@cindex output@@@code{output}
 @* 
    Specifies an alternate name for the the output @file{s}.
    A @file{.tex}, @file{.midi} or @file{.ps} extension will be 
    added to the string you specify.

  @item @code{rulethickness}
@cindex rulethickness@@@code{rulethickness}
 @* 
    Determines the thickness of staff and bar lines. 

  @item @code{castingalgorithm}
@cindex castingalgorithm@@@code{castingalgorithm}
 @* 
    The algorithm to use for breaking lines.  Choices are
    @code{\Gourlay}
@cindex Gourlay@@@code{\Gourlay}
 for a TeX-like dynamic
    programming algorithm, and @code{\Wordwrap}
@cindex Wordwrap@@@code{\Wordwrap}
 for
    a simple algorithm.  Gourlay breaking looks much better, but
    takes a lot more resources.  Wordwrap leaves loosely spaced lines
    at the end.
@end table


@node contextdefs, engravers, papervars, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

@cindex context definition

A notation contexts is defined by the following information

@enumerate i
  @item  A name.

  @item  The LilyPond modules that do the actual conversion of music to
       notation.  Each module is a so-called
       @emph{engraver}
@cindex engraver
.

  @item  How these modules should cooperate, i.e. which ``cooperation
       module'' should be used.  This cooperation module is a special
       type of engraver.

  @item  What other contexts the context can contain,

  @item  What properties are defined.
@end enumerate

A context definition has this syntax:

@quotation

  @code{\translator} @code{@{}
                       
                    @code{@}}
@end quotation

 can be an identifier or of the form

@quotation

  @code{\type}  @code{;}
@end quotation

 is one of

@table @samp
  @item @code{Engraver_group_engraver}
@cindex Engraver_group_engraver@@@code{Engraver_group_engraver}
 @* 
    The standard cooperation engraver.

  @item @code{Score_engraver}
@cindex Score_engraver@@@code{Score_engraver}
 @* 
    This is cooperation module that should be in the top level context.

  @item @code{Grace_engraver_group}
@cindex Grace_engraver_group@@@code{Grace_engraver_group}
 @* 
    This is a special cooperation module (resembling
    @code{Score_engraver}) that is used to created an embedded
    `miniscore'.
@end table 

 is a list of items where each item is
one of

@itemize @bullet
  @item  @code{\consists}  @code{;} @* 
    Add  to the list of modules in this context. 
    Section @xref{engravers} contains an overview of the engravers
    available.  The order of engravers added with @code{\consists} is
    significant.
  
  @item  @code{\consistsend}  @code{;} @* 
    Analogous to @code{\consists}, but makes sure that
     is always added to the end of the list of
    engravers.

    Some engraver types need to be at the end of the list; this
    insures they are put there, and stay there, if a user adds or
    removes engravers.  This command is usually not needed for
    end-users.
    
  @item  @code{\accepts}  @code{;} @* 
    Add  to the list of  context this context can
    contain.  The first listed context the context to create by
    default.
  
  @item  @code{\remove}  @code{;} @* 
    Remove a previously added (with @code{\consists}) engraver.
  
  @item  @code{\name}  @code{;} @* 
    This sets name of the context, e.g. @code{Staff}, @code{Voice}.  If
    the name is not specified, the translator won't do anything.

  @item   @code{=}  @code{;} @* 
    A property assignment.  It is allowed to use reals for
    .
@end itemize

In the @code{\paper} block, it is also possible to define translator
identifiers.  Like other block identifiers, the identifier can only
be used as the very first item of a translator.  In order to define
such an identifier outside of @code{\score}, you must do

@quotation

@example 
\paper @{
  foo = \translator @{ ... @}
@}
\score @{
  \notes @{
    ...
  @}
  \paper @{
    \translator @{ \foo ... @}
  @}
@} 
@end example 

@end quotation


@cindex paper types, engravers, and pre-defined translators

Some pre-defined identifiers can simplify modification of
translators.  The pre-defined identifiers are:

@table @samp
  @item @code{StaffContext}
@cindex StaffContext@@@code{StaffContext}
 @* 
    Default Staff context. 

  @item @code{RhythmicStaffContext}
@cindex RhythmicStaffContext@@@code{RhythmicStaffContext}
 @* 
    Default RhythmicStaff context. 

  @item @code{VoiceContext}
@cindex VoiceContext@@@code{VoiceContext}
 @* 
    Default Voice context.  

  @item @code{ScoreContext}
@cindex ScoreContext@@@code{ScoreContext}
 @* 
    Default Score context. 

  @item @code{ScoreWithNumbers}
@cindex ScoreWithNumbers@@@code{ScoreWithNumbers}
 @* 
    Score context with numbering at the Score level.

  @item @code{BarNumberingStaffContext}
@cindex BarNumberingStaffContext@@@code{BarNumberingStaffContext}
 @* 
    Staff context with numbering at the Staff level.

  @item @code{HaraKiriStaffContext}
@cindex HaraKiriStaffContext@@@code{HaraKiriStaffContext}
 @* 
    Staff context that does not print if it only contains rests. 
    Useful for orchestral scores.@footnote{Harakiri, also called
    Seppuku, is the ritual suicide of the Samourai.}

  @item @code{OrchestralPartStaffContext}
@cindex OrchestralPartStaffContext@@@code{OrchestralPartStaffContext}

  @item @code{OrchestralScoreContext}
@cindex OrchestralScoreContext@@@code{OrchestralScoreContext}

@end table

Using these pre-defined values, you can remove or add items to the
translator:

@quotation

@example 
\paper @{
  \translator @{
    \StaffContext
    \remove Some_engraver;
    \consists Different_engraver;
  @}
@} 
@end example 

@end quotation

      

@node engravers, Sound output, contextdefs, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

The engravers for paper output are:

[incomplete, FIXME]

@table @samp
  @item @code{Bar_engraver}
@cindex Bar_engraver@@@code{Bar_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves bar lines.  Normally in @code{Staff} and
    @code{RhythmicStaff}.

  @item @code{Bar_number_engraver}
@cindex Bar_number_engraver@@@code{Bar_number_engraver}
 @* 
    Engrave bar numbers.  These numbers appear at the start of each
    line.  Not normally in any translator.  Can be added to
    @code{Score} for score-wide numbering or to @code{Staff} for
    numbering on each staff.

  @item @code{Beam_engraver}
@cindex Beam_engraver@@@code{Beam_engraver}
 @* 
    Handles beam requests by engraving beams.  Normally appears in
    the @code{Voice} translator.  If omitted, then notes will be
    printed with flags instead of beams.

  @item @code{Beam_req_swallow_translator}
    
@cindex Beam_req_swallow_translator@@@code{Beam_req_swallow_translator}
 @* 
    Swallows beam requests.  In @code{LyricVoice}.  

  @item @code{Chord_name_engraver}
@cindex Chord_name_engraver@@@code{Chord_name_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves chord names.  Normally in @code{ChordNameVoice} .

  @item @code{Chord_tremolo_engraver}
@cindex Chord_tremolo_engraver@@@code{Chord_tremolo_engraver}

  @item @code{Clef_engraver}
@cindex Clef_engraver@@@code{Clef_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves the clef symbol.  Normally in @code{Staff}.

  @item @code{Collision_engraver}
@cindex Collision_engraver@@@code{Collision_engraver}

  @item @code{Dot_column_engraver}
@cindex Dot_column_engraver@@@code{Dot_column_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves dots on dotted notes shifted to the right of the note. 
    Normally in @code{Voice}.  If omitted, then dots appear on top of
    the notes.

  @item @code{Dynamic_engraver}
@cindex Dynamic_engraver@@@code{Dynamic_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves dynamics symbols.  Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Font_size_engraver}
@cindex Font_size_engraver@@@code{Font_size_engraver}

  @item @code{Key_engraver}
@cindex Key_engraver@@@code{Key_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves the key signature.  Normally in @code{Staff}.

  @item @code{Local_key_engraver}
@cindex Local_key_engraver@@@code{Local_key_engraver}

  @item @code{Lyric_engraver}
@cindex Lyric_engraver@@@code{Lyric_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves lyrics.  Normally in @code{LyricVoice}.

  @item @code{Multi_measure_rest_engraver}
    
@cindex Multi_measure_rest_engraver@@@code{Multi_measure_rest_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves multi-measure rests that are produced with @code{R}. 
    Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Piano_bar_engraver}
@cindex Piano_bar_engraver@@@code{Piano_bar_engraver}

  @item @code{Pitch_squash_engraver}
@cindex Pitch_squash_engraver@@@code{Pitch_squash_engraver}
 @* 
    Treat all pitches as middle C.  Used in @code{RhythmicStaff}. 
    Note that the notes move, but the locations of accidentals stay
    the same.

  @item @code{Priority_horizontal_align_engraver}
    
@cindex Priority_horizontal_align_engraver@@@code{Priority_horizontal_align_engraver}

  @item @code{Repeat_engraver}
@cindex Repeat_engraver@@@code{Repeat_engraver}
 @* 
    Handles repeats?  In @code{Staff} and @code{RhythmicStaff}.

  @item @code{Rest_collision_engraver}
@cindex Rest_collision_engraver@@@code{Rest_collision_engraver}
 @* 
    Handles collisions of rests.  In @code{Staff}.

  @item @code{Rest_engraver}
@cindex Rest_engraver@@@code{Rest_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves rests.  Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Rhythmic_column_engraver}
@cindex Rhythmic_column_engraver@@@code{Rhythmic_column_engraver}

  @item @code{Score_priority_engraver}
@cindex Score_priority_engraver@@@code{Score_priority_engraver}

  @item @code{Script_engraver}
@cindex Script_engraver@@@code{Script_engraver}
 @* 
    Handles note ornaments generated by @code{\script}.  Normally in
    @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Separating_line_group_engraver}
    
@cindex Separating_line_group_engraver@@@code{Separating_line_group_engraver}

  @item @code{Skip_req_swallow_translator}
    
@cindex Skip_req_swallow_translator@@@code{Skip_req_swallow_translator}

  @item @code{Slur_engraver}
@cindex Slur_engraver@@@code{Slur_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves slurs.  Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Span_bar_engraver}
@cindex Span_bar_engraver@@@code{Span_bar_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves lines across multiple staffs.  Normally in
    @code{Staffgroup} and @code{GrandStaff}.  Removing this from
    @code{StaffGroup} gives the definition of @code{ChoirStaff}.

  @item @code{Span_score_bar_engraver}
@cindex Span_score_bar_engraver@@@code{Span_score_bar_engraver}

  @item @code{Staff_group_bar_engraver}
@cindex Staff_group_bar_engraver@@@code{Staff_group_bar_engraver}

  @item @code{Staff_margin_engraver}
@cindex Staff_margin_engraver@@@code{Staff_margin_engraver}
 @* 
    Prints the name of the instrument (specified by
    @code{Staff.instrument} and @code{Staff.instr}) at the left of the
    staff.

  @item @code{Staff_sym_engraver}
@cindex Staff_sym_engraver@@@code{Staff_sym_engraver}

  @item @code{Stem_engraver}
@cindex Stem_engraver@@@code{Stem_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves stems.  Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Ties_engraver}
@cindex Ties_engraver@@@code{Ties_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves ties.  Normally in @code{Voice}.

  @item @code{Time_signature_engraver}
@cindex Time_signature_engraver@@@code{Time_signature_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves the time signature.  Normally in @code{Staff} and
    @code{RhythmicStaff}.

  @item @code{Timing_engraver}
@cindex Timing_engraver@@@code{Timing_engraver}
 @* 
    Responsible for synchronizing timing information from staffs. 
    Normally in @code{Score}.  In order to create polyrhythmic music,
    this engraver should be removed from @code{Score} and placed in
    @code{Staff}.

  @item @code{Tuplet_engraver}
@cindex Tuplet_engraver@@@code{Tuplet_engraver}
 @* 
    Engraves tuplet brackets?  In @code{Staff}.

  @item @code{Vertical_align_engraver}
@cindex Vertical_align_engraver@@@code{Vertical_align_engraver}
 
@end table



@node Sound output, midilist, engravers, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Sound output



The MIDI block is analogous to the paper block, but it is simpler.
The @code{\midi} block can contain:
@cindex MIDI block

@itemize @bullet
  @item  a @code{\tempo} definition
  @item  context definitions
@end itemize

Assignments in the @code{\midi} block are not allowed.



@cindex context definition

Context definitions follow precisely the same syntax as within the
\paper block.  Translation modules for sound are called performers.
The contexts for MIDI output are defined in @file{ly/performer.ly}.



@cindex MIDI instrument names

@node midilist, Pre-defined Identifiers, Sound output, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

The MIDI instrument name is set by the
@code{Staff.midiInstrument}
@cindex Staff.midiInstrument@@@code{Staff.midiInstrument}
 property or, if that property is
not set, the @code{Staff.instrument}
@cindex Staff.instrument@@@code{Staff.instrument}
 property.  The instrument
name should be chosen from the following list.  If the selected
string does not exactly match, then LilyPond uses the default piano.


@quotation

@example 
"acoustic grand"            "contrabass"           "lead 7 (fifths)"
"bright acoustic"           "tremolo strings"      "lead 8 (bass+lead)"
"electric grand"            "pizzicato strings"    "pad 1 (new age)"
"honky-tonk"                "orchestral strings"   "pad 2 (warm)"
"electric piano 1"          "timpani"              "pad 3 (polysynth)"
"electric piano 2"          "string ensemble 1"    "pad 4 (choir)"
"harpsichord"               "string ensemble 2"    "pad 5 (bowed)"
"clav"                      "synthstrings 1"       "pad 6 (metallic)"
"celesta"                   "synthstrings 2"       "pad 7 (halo)"
"glockenspiel"              "choir aahs"           "pad 8 (sweep)"
"music box"                 "voice oohs"           "fx 1 (rain)"
"vibraphone"                "synth voice"          "fx 2 (soundtrack)"
"marimba"                   "orchestra hit"        "fx 3 (crystal)"
"xylophone"                 "trumpet"              "fx 4 (atmosphere)"
"tubular bells"             "trombone"             "fx 5 (brightness)"
"dulcimer"                  "tuba"                 "fx 6 (goblins)"
"drawbar organ"             "muted trumpet"        "fx 7 (echoes)"
"percussive organ"          "french horn"          "fx 8 (sci-fi)"
"rock organ"                "brass section"        "sitar"
"church organ"              "synthbrass 1"         "banjo"
"reed organ"                "synthbrass 2"         "shamisen"
"accordion"                 "soprano sax"          "koto"
"harmonica"                 "alto sax"             "kalimba"
"concertina"                "tenor sax"            "bagpipe"
"acoustic guitar (nylon)"   "baritone sax"         "fiddle"
"acoustic guitar (steel)"   "oboe"                 "shanai"
"electric guitar (jazz)"    "english horn"         "tinkle bell"
"electric guitar (clean)"   "bassoon"              "agogo"
"electric guitar (muted)"   "clarinet"             "steel drums"
"overdriven guitar"         "piccolo"              "woodblock"
"distorted guitar"          "flute"                "taiko drum"
"guitar harmonics"          "recorder"             "melodic tom"
"acoustic bass"             "pan flute"            "synth drum"
"electric bass (finger)"    "blown bottle"         "reverse cymbal"
"electric bass (pick)"      "skakuhachi"           "guitar fret noise"
"fretless bass"             "whistle"              "breath noise"
"slap bass 1"               "ocarina"              "seashore"
"slap bass 2"               "lead 1 (square)"      "bird tweet"
"synth bass 1"              "lead 2 (sawtooth)"    "telephone ring"
"synth bass 2"              "lead 3 (calliope)"    "helicopter"
"violin"                    "lead 4 (chiff)"       "applause"
"viola"                     "lead 5 (charang)"     "gunshot"
"cello"                     "lead 6 (voice)" 
@end example 

@end quotation


@cindex MIDI types and performers

The types available for  MIDI translators are:

@table @samp
  @item @code{Performer_group_performer}
@cindex Performer_group_performer@@@code{Performer_group_performer}

  @item @code{Score_performer}
@cindex Score_performer@@@code{Score_performer}

  @item @code{Staff_performer}
@cindex Staff_performer@@@code{Staff_performer}

@end table

The performers for MIDI translators are:

@table @samp
  @item @code{Key_performer}
@cindex Key_performer@@@code{Key_performer}

  @item @code{Time_signature_performer}
@cindex Time_signature_performer@@@code{Time_signature_performer}

  @item @code{Note_performer}
@cindex Note_performer@@@code{Note_performer}

  @item @code{Lyric_performer}
@cindex Lyric_performer@@@code{Lyric_performer}

  @item @code{Swallow_performer}
@cindex Swallow_performer@@@code{Swallow_performer}

@end table



@node Pre-defined Identifiers, ident, midilist, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Pre-defined Identifiers

@cindex pre-defined identifiers

@node ident, Running LilyPond, Pre-defined Identifiers, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual

Various identifiers are defined in the initialization files to
provide shorthands for some settings.  Most of them are in
@file{ly/declarations.ly}.

@table @samp
  @item @code{\break}
@cindex break@@@code{\break}
 @* 
    Force a line break in music by using a large argument for the
    keyword @code{\penalty}.

  @item @code{\center}
@cindex center@@@code{\center}
 @* 
    Used for setting direction  properties.  Equals 0.

  @item @code{\down}
@cindex down@@@code{\down}
 @* 
    Used for setting direction setting properties.  Is equal
    to -1.

  @item @code{\free}
@cindex free@@@code{\free}
 @* 
    Used for setting direction setting properties.  Is equal
    to 0.

  @item @code{\left}
@cindex left@@@code{\left}
 @* 
    Used for setting text alignment property.  Is equal to -1.

  @item @code{\nobreak}
@cindex nobreak@@@code{\nobreak}
 @* 
    Prevent a line break in music by using a large negative argument
    for the keyword @code{\penalty}.

  @item @code{\none}
@cindex none@@@code{\none}
 @* 
    Used for setting @code{Score.beamslopedamping} and
    @code{Score.beamquantisation} properties.  Is equal to 0.

  @item @code{\normal}
@cindex normal@@@code{\normal}
 @* 
    Used for setting @code{Score.beamslopedamping} and
    @code{Score.beamquantisation} properties.  Is equal to 1.

  @item @code{\normalkey}
@cindex normalkey@@@code{\normalkey}
 @* 
    Select normal key signatures where each octave has the same key
    signature.  This sets the @code{Staff.keyoctaviation} property.

  @item @code{\right}
@cindex right@@@code{\right}
 @* 
    Used for setting text alignment property.  Is set to 1.

  @item @code{\shiftoff}
@cindex shiftoff@@@code{\shiftoff}
 @* 
    Disable horizontal shifting of note heads that collide.  Sets the
    @code{Voice.horizontalNoteShift} property.

  @item @code{\shifton}
@cindex shifton@@@code{\shifton}
 @* 
    Enable note heads that collide with other note heads to be
    shifted horiztonally.  Sets the @code{Voice.horizontalNoteShift}
    property.

  @item @code{\slurboth}
@cindex slurboth@@@code{\slurboth}
 @* 
    Allow slurs to be above or below notes.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.slurVerticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\slurdown}
@cindex slurdown@@@code{\slurdown}
 @* 
    Force slurs to be below notes.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.slurVerticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\slurup}
@cindex slurup@@@code{\slurup}
 @* 
    Force slurs to be above notes.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.slurVerticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\specialkey}
@cindex specialkey@@@code{\specialkey}
 @* 
    Allow key signatures do differ in different octaves.  This sets
    the @code{Staff.keyoctaviation} property.

  @item @code{\stemboth}
@cindex stemboth@@@code{\stemboth}
 @* 
    Allow stems, beams, and slurs to point either upwards or
    downwards, decided automatically by LilyPond.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.verticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\stemdown}
@cindex stemdown@@@code{\stemdown}
 @* 
    Force stems, beams, and slurs to point down.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.verticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\stemup}
@cindex stemup@@@code{\stemup}
 @* 
    Force stems, beams and slurs to point up.  This sets the
    @code{Voice.verticalDirection} property.

  @item @code{\traditional}
@cindex traditional@@@code{\traditional}
 @* 
    Used for setting the @code{Score.beamquantisation} property.  Is
    equal to 2.

  @item @code{\up}
@cindex up@@@code{\up}
 @* 
    Used for setting various direction properties.  Is equal
    to 1.
@end table



@node Running LilyPond, Top, ident, LilyPond 1-2-0 Reference Manual
@section Running LilyPond

@cindex running LilyPond


When invoked with a filename that has no extension, LilyPond will try
adding `@file{.ly}' as an extension first, then `@file{.fly}' and
finally `@file{.sly}' extension.  If the filename ends with
`@file{.fly}', LilyPond processes the file as music using
`@file{init.fly}'.  In this case, LilyPond does something like:

@quotation

@example 
\score @{
  \notes\relative c @{
    \input "yourfile.fly"
  @}
  \paper@{@}
  \midi@{@}
@} 
@end example 

@end quotation

The result of `@file{.sly}' is similar except that a single unjustified
line is produced.

If you invoke LilyPond with a file `@file{foo.}' that doesn't
have the `@file{.ly}' extension, then LilyPond will look for a file
called `@file{init.}' and process this file.  The file
`@file{init.}' must contain the @code{\maininput} keyword or
LilyPond will not read the user specified file.

When LilyPond processes @file{filename.ly} it will produce
@file{filename.tex} as output.  If @file{filename.ly} contains a second
@code{\paper} keyword, then LilyPond will produce @file{filename-1.tex}
as well.  Subsequent @code{\paper} keywords will produce sequentially
numbered file names.  Several files can be specified; they will each
be processed independently.@footnote{Not entirely true: The status of
GUILE is kept.}



@bye
