@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore

@c \version "2.11.61"

@node Unfretted string instruments
@section Unfretted string instruments

@lilypondfile[quote]
{unfretted-headword.ly}

@cindex orchestral strings
@cindex strings, writing for

This section provides information and references which are helpful
when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
orchestral strings.

@menu
* Common notation for unfretted strings::
@end menu

@node Common notation for unfretted strings
@subsection Common notation for unfretted strings

There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
instruments.  The music is notated on a single staff, and
usually only a single voice is required.  Two voices might
be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.

@menu
* References for unfretted strings::
* Bowing indications::
* Harmonics::
* Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
@end menu

@node References for unfretted strings
@unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings

Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:

@itemize

@item Texual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.

@item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
in @ref{Fingering instructions}.

@item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
see @ref{Chorded notes}.  Directives for playing chords may be
added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.

@item A template for a string quartet can be found in
@rlearning{String quartet}.  Others are shown in the snippets.

@end itemize

@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{String quartet}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Text scripts},
@ref{Fingering instructions},
@ref{Chorded notes},
@ref{Arpeggio}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Unfretted strings}.

@node Bowing indications
@unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications

@funindex \upbow
@funindex \downbow

@cindex bowing indications
@cindex up bow indication
@cindex down bow indication

Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.  The
bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used with
slurs as follows:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
@end lilypond


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
@ref{Slurs}.

@node Harmonics
@unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics

@funindex \harmonic

@strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}

@cindex natural harmonics
@cindex harmonics, natural

Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways.  A diamond-shaped
note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
the note if it were not a diamond.

@warning{Harmonics @strong{must} be defined inside a chord
construct even if there is only a single note.}

@c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
dots.  The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
dots are required.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
<d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
\set harmonicDots = ##t
<d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
@end lilypond

Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
played as a harmonic:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
@end lilypond

A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
@ref{References for unfretted strings}.

@strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}

@cindex artificial harmonics
@cindex harmonics, artifical

Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
<e a\harmonic>2  <c g'\harmonic>
@end lilypond

@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{harmonics}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Special note heads},
@ref{References for unfretted strings}.

@node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
@unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato

@cindex pizzicato, Bartók
@cindex pizzicato, snap
@cindex Bartók pizzicato
@cindex snap pizzicato

@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{snap-pizzicato-markup-bartok-pizzicato.ly}
